Business Report Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Business ReportEXECUTIVE SUMMARYFantasy ROCK pass on be a small business that bears entertainment and unoccupied activities. We result carry on a variety of foods and beverages. Our menu go away contain many dishes. A large appetizer section, Steaks, Chicken, sandwiches, hamburgers, soups and salads will be our specialty. We will sell several types of beer on tap and in bottles. A few micro brews such as Fat Tire Ale, and Honey Brown larger will be kept on tap, as well as the cheaper larger brands such as Budweiser and Coors. Several large screen TVs will be placed through out the cafe. They will be play an assortment of things. Our main TVs will be playing rock videos that go along to the music we are playing. Others will provide sports coverage of big games going on. The intent of the big screens is so that as our node sits we allow giving them something to look at. We want to provide them with entertainment. Rock music has an effect to energize and lift a persons spirits. We want customers to ravish themselves. A sound system will be installed to heighten our music listening. Fantasy ROCK wants to provide high quality sound yet minimizes costs. buying a surround sound system by Bose speakers systems can do this. Fantasy ROCK has great potential to expand. Our biggest competitor is Hard Rock Caf. How we invent to differentiate ourselves is we want to provide a more of a local business atmosphere. We want our employees to get to know our customers and welcome them by name as they walk in. The market in which we are entering is wide open. All restaurants are competition to us yet because of our atmosphere in providing entertainment and blank we become unique. Currently Fantasy ROCK has no expansion plans. As profits come in and our business base grows future planning will be done.MISSION STATEMENTFantasy ROCK strives to be the premier rock music restaurant in Phoenix. Our goal is to be a quantity ahead of the competition. We w ant our customers to have more fun during their leisure time. We provide more television with ROCK videos and sports coverage than anywhere else in the Phoenix area. We provide a state-of-the-art Bose sounds system to deliver the highest quality sounds possible. We Combine menu selection, atmosphere, ambiance, and service to create a sense of place in order to fall in our goal of over-all v... ...box $12.45Dr. Pepper 8 gallon box $12.45Sprite 8 gallon box $12.45Iced tea 8 gallon box $12.45Mug rootle beer 8 gallon box $12.45Malt 4 lb box powder $8.65Chocolate syrup 2 gallons $3.65Cheddar quit 80lbs $56.98Mozzarella Cheese 80lbs $58.90Parmesan Cheese 20lbs $28.67Dressings 5,000 assorted $22.45Fresh Bread 6 loaves $3.75Macaroni Salad 2 gallons $27.65Potato Salad 2 gallons $12.87Pepperioncinis 5 gallon drum $25.67Salami 20lbs $22.98Pepperoni 20lbs $19.87Garlic 1 lbs $2.89Butter Large value-added tax $5.67

Community and the Individual in John Fords The Quiet Man Essay

Community and the Individual in John cut acrosss The Quiet Man John Fords The Quiet Man is a romantic drollery that demonstrates Fords world-view by way of symbolic visual devices as well as in the basic plot the outsider being indoctrinated into a community through and through the gradual understanding of rituals and rites of passage, as well as the little nuances of everyday liveliness. John Ford, a filmmaker with a strong Irish ancestry and pluck in his roots, directed this film about the return of a retired boxer to the town of his birth, Innisfree the plot is just the backbone of a film which is fleshed out by the ideas Ford chattered throughout all his films the value and meaning of community, communicated with a unique dramatic rhythm. This dramatic rhythm follows a pattern of assertion - opposition - accommodation. Ford also uses many icons (specific visual imagery repeated throughout many of his films which have a consistent meaning and/or function for Ford) to expr ess his ideas, such as the use of doorways, which represent a boundary between a safe area and a dangerous one, and the watching/waiting shot, which shows somebody in the throes of hope or sorrow, and demonstrates homecomings or departures. Other icons found in the film, and the larger body of Fords work, include the horizon shot, which shows the passage from one mode of life to another, and the parade/procession, which displays community harmony, usually used in a showing of community success. Also used is the reaction-shot, which serves to appraise the importance of a dramatic adventure through the reactions of various characters, and lastly and very importantly, the shared imbibing of spirits, which is part of any sound celebration in Fords world. The opening sce... ...mily makes life easier and more pleasurable. Ford uses his icons to show the passing from one situation or lifestyle into another (such as horizon shots from the American life to the Irish, or from the single life into the married) or to show the community in harmony (processions/parades, and shared spirits). His unusual dramatic rhythm is felt on a larger level (Seans assertion into the community, the guard of Red Will and later Mary Kate, the accommodation of the donnybrook and the final dinner scene) as well as in each individual scene this advance from assertion to resistance to accommodation, paired with the iconography, gives The Quiet Man a flavor and style all its own, and with the gorgeous Irish countryside as backdrop, the result is an essay on the ultimate ideal situation of community harmony and the individual sacrifice it takes to achieve it.

A Short Night Means Long Consequences Essay -- Health, Sleep Deprivati

Bzzt Bzzt Bzzt. The clock reads six oclock in the morning, and cacophony buzzes of the alarm clock awakens sleeping teenagers from their slumber. As they drag their still lethargic bodies through the door on their way to the car or the bus, they tell themselves both single day that they need more sleep. This is more true than they can fathom, as the effects of sleep deprivation in teenagers prove to be kind of damaging in both the short and long term. Teenagers stay up late to get to all sports practices, practice of medicine practices, and possibly even their job, and then they take place home to multiple hours of homework which they stay up until midnight, and many days even later than that, to finish it all. Then the cycle begins again with the groggy callow going to school, and complaining about such a short nights proportionality. If high schools started later, teens would have extra time to sleep in in the lead shoving off again, and would be extremely beneficial to their physical and mental health in the long run.There are many causes for sleep deprivation in todays teenagers. A big reason is the hectic schedules that dictate their lives and the lives of those around them. Many teenagers have multiple after school activities including athletic practices, music practices, and sometimes even jobs after school. So, to make time for all their activities, they take from their sleep time. The main reason kids cut out sleep for other activities is because they do not think sleep is that important to their schedules. Even administrators think this, with some thinking that older kids needed less sleep than the younger kids (Bettelheim 557). Science and immeasurable hours of research have proved this myth false, but even still little is being done to c... ...n the busy teen thinks that Sleep is the pocket dislodge with which we buy extra time (Clemmit 125), but this notion is false. Such a vital part of a persons life should be do as enjo yable as possible, and the quality of physical and mental health will be substantially improved. As for teenagers, in order to correspond with their instinctive rhythms, maximize their learning and achievement potential, and greatly increase their overall health, the start times of high schools should be moved back. Break the cycle of the groggy adolescent, drive fatigued to school only to fall asleep in class and miss out on the opportunities school can offer. The teens of today take like of this country soon enough, the least that can be done is give them a chance at a sufficient nights rest so they have time to dream of all the big things they will do with their lives tomorrow.

Summary of 1984 by George Orwell :: 1984 by George Orwell

What do you think a normal human being needs to have a good, full-blood life? I believe that you need the freedom of thought, the rights of love, the right to express yourself on paper, and freedom of speech. In Orwells world of totalitarianism you dont have any of these freedoms. You are to obey the party and do nothing but obey the party. The only way of temporarily escaping totalitarianism is through cabal and lies. The characters in 1984 give us readers an idea of how INGSOC ruins lives and makes the very idea of conspiracy hopeless. Winston Smith is your average Joe in Oceania. He struggles with how to determine what is true or not. Winston is a fatalist because, no matter what he does, he believes that the party will eventually kill him. At the beginning of the book, Winston buys a diary from a dispose shop, which is against the partys will because he buys the diary he is committing a crime against the party. Simply by purchasing the diary made no struggle if he wrote in i t or not he would still be killed. On pg. 19 of the book Orwell wrote, Whether he wrote DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER, or whether he refrained from writing it, made no difference. Whether he went on with the diary or whether he did not go on with it, made no difference. The thought police would get him the same. This shows Winstons sense of fatalism. While in the shop where Winston bought the diary, he spies a piece of coral enclosed in glass. He immediately takes an amour in it and decides to buy it. This piece of coral symbolizes his ability to connect to the past. Winstons first inclination once he sees Julia following him is to kill her, and smash her manoeuver on the cobblestone. Winston thinks to himself, I could keep on her track till they were in some quiet place, and then smash her skull with a cobblestone. The piece of glass in my pocket should do the job. By smashing the piece of glass into Julias head Winston would be destroying two things. One is Julia and his hopes of havin g a decent life but his obsessive desire to know the truth and the second is the piece of coral which is Winstons way of linking the past to the present. Winston is afraid that Julia could be part of the thought police.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Chaunticleer :: Chaucer Canterbury Tales

Canterbury Tales - Chaunticleer      In the book Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer, gives us a stunning tale about a rooster named Chaunticleer. Chaunticleer, who is the King of his domain in his farmland kingdom. analogous a King, he quotes passages from intellectuals, dreams vivid dreams, has a libido that runs want a bat out of hell, and is described as a very elegant looking Rooster. He has every characteristic of a person belonging to the upper class. Chaucers hidden meanings and ideas make us think that the story is about roosters and farm animals, but in reality he is making the magnanimousness of his time period the subject of his mockery by making the reader absorb how clueless the Aristocracy rouse be to the way things are in the real World. Chaucer describes Chaunticleer in many different ways. One of them is his language. Chaunticleers language is that of a scholar. He quotes many different scriptures in a conversation with Pertelote, such as, Sai nt Kenelm, Daniel and Joseph (from the bible), and Croesus. From each author he tells a story about an individual who had a vision in a dream and the dream came true. He may have been making all the stories up in order to win the argument with Pertelote, but, this seems unlikely because he does not take heed to his own advice and stay away from the fox that encounters him later. He is educated adequate to know these supposed quotations but not intelligent enough to understand the real meaning of them. It is if he simply brings because they help him win the argument with his spouse and not because he actually believes what they say. Chaucer is using the idea that the Aristocracy has schooling throughout their childhood, but it is only done to have seemingly important but empty conversations. His physical appearance is also described with such beautiful passion that it makes us think Chaunticleer is heaven on earth. His comb was redder than fine coral, and crenellated like a castle w all his bill was black and shone like jet his legs and toes were like azure his nails whiter than lily and his color like the burnished gold. Chaucer describes Chaunticleer as the quintessential Cock, so perfect that his description is no longer believable when we realize he is describing a Rooster. Chaucer is setting up Chaunticleer to be as regal and grandiose as a King.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Chaunticleer :: Chaucer Canterbury Tales

Canterbury Tales - Chaunticleer      In the book Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer, gives us a stunning tale around a hammer named Chaunticleer. Chaunticleer, who is the King of his domain in his farmland kingdom. Like a King, he quotes passages from intellectuals, dreams vivid dreams, has a libido that runs like a bat out of hell, and is described as a very elegant looking Rooster. He has every characteristic of a person belonging to the upper class. Chaucers hidden meanings and ideas make us forecast that the story is about roosters and farm animals, but in reality he is devising the Aristocracy of his time period the subject of his mockery by making the reader realize how clueless the Aristocracy can be to the way things are in the real World. Chaucer describes Chaunticleer in many different ways. One of them is his linguistic process. Chaunticleers language is that of a scholar. He quotes many different scriptures in a conversation with Pertelote, such as, Saint Kenelm, Daniel and Joseph (from the bible), and Croesus. From each author he tells a story about an individual who had a vision in a dream and the dream came true. He may have been making all the stories up in order to win the argument with Pertelote, but, this seems unlikely because he does not take heed to his own advice and stay away from the fox that encounters him later. He is educated enough to get laid these supposed quotations but not intelligent enough to understand the real meaning of them. It is if he simply brings because they help him win the argument with his spouse and not because he actually believes what they say. Chaucer is using the idea that the Aristocracy has schooling throughout their childhood, but it is only done to have seemingly important but exhaust conversations. His physical appearance is also described with such beautiful passion that it makes us think Chaunticleer is heaven on earth. His comb was redder than fine coral, and crenellated like a castle wall his bill was black and shone like jet his legs and toes were like azure his nails whiter than lily and his color like the burnished gold. Chaucer describes Chaunticleer as the quintessential Cock, so staring(a) that his description is no longer believable when we realize he is describing a Rooster. Chaucer is setting up Chaunticleer to be as regal and grandiose as a King.

PR Plan for M&S Clothing

IntroductionIn recent years, Marks & Spencers wearing sales have experienced a period of reduce and have been involved in a large amount of discounting which has a negative impact on the profit margins within the part. The purpose of this PR proposal is to consider an appropriate market and PR strategy that would lead to the turnaround of this ailing department.Aims and ObjectivesThe primary aim of this PR and marketing agenda is essentially to create the positioning of the M&S clothing division, so that it is not forced into having to discount and is therefore able to maintain stronger profit margins. Historically, Marks & Spencers has maintain a strong reputation for providing role basics, without necessarily being at the cutting edge of fashion, with the establishment of additional ranges, aiming to have the impact of turning this scholarship around. Yet, the increased use of disposable fashion from the likes of Primark has put increasing pressure on companies such as Mar ks & Spencer when it comes to retaining their market share (MacDonald, 2011).Despite this, the marketing campaign, Leading Ladies, has shown a slight turnaround of fortunes, indicating that a concerted effort within the PR and marketing area could indeed have a prominent effect on this ailing area within M&S (Marks and Spencer, 2014).AudienceThe audience is potentially one of the hardest things to identify, in terms of this overall PR plan, as Marks & Spencers clothing covers such a potentially wider audience. It is suggested in this case, however, that by foc utilise on ladies wear, the overall agenda for the clothing department can be considered and looked at in the long run (Hackley, 2009).The target audience for this plan therefore is to focus on the fashion conscious, yet coc come uponed 20 40 year old category. Attempting to compete with the prices of disposable fashion outlets is simply impractical therefore, the focus needs to be on the high income a professional, fashio nable women who as well want their clothes to be excellent quality and durability.MessageLinked to the chosen audience is the message that M&S clothing intersections are providing quality, durable essentials that offer a sophisticated and professional look, with a touch of fashion that is not a disposable, cheap fashion product.One of the key problems which have been identified within the M&S clothing range in recent years is that the cost of the product has simply not warranted the quality of fashion being provided, and the balance between quality and cost needs to be redressed (Parrish, 2010). Maintaining a strong quality is important. Yet, it is necessary for the fashionable element of the product to be brought to the forefront of this message, and this needs to be delivered clearly to the young, affluent audience. In hostelry to achieve this M&S is going to focus on the junior audience by engaging with young workers and students. Offering discounts and selecting the relevant media publications that aim at these people leave behind be a crucial part of delivering this message. communication StrategiesBearing in mind the message and the target audience in question, the choice of communication strategy will be particularly important when it comes to successfully providing this shift in emphasis and new marketing strategy. Given the chosen audience, the communication strategies also need to be aimed at a younger audience, using factors such as the internet and e-mail marketing, in order to portray a younger, more cutting-edge image. Establishing affiliations with third parties and appropriate magazines will also be important for encouraging potential consumers to view Marks & Spencer clothing in a slightly different light. Events such as fashion shows and launches of product ranges in locations that are going to be targeting this new audience. Working with Universities and popular work areas in central towns will assist in this matter.Celebrity endorseme nt is also potentially going to assist in change the perceptions of Marks & Spencer away from products which are slightly old and staid. By partnering with the appropriate celebrities and also appropriate events, the oecumenical perception of the company can be changed, over time, and this needs to be a relatively mid-term agenda for M&S.Resource and BudgetThe overall surface of M&S and the ability to draw on financial resources from other departments such as the food and home department provides evidence of real opportunities in regard to spending a large amount on this revised PR and marketing approach that would be impossible for other organisations without the backing of these departments. In order to completely reinvent the perception around an organisation the size of M&S will require a consistent and large resource, over a relatively prolonged period of time. In addition, however, it is proposed that a six-month time horizon be looked at, with the majority of the focus bei ng placed on shifting the emphasis and eventually reinventing the product range. It is therefore suggested that a team of four marketing professionals should be given the agenda of achieving this plan as part of a specific six-month project (Hallbauer, 2008).Initially, it is proposed that a budget of ?260,000 will be provided on the basis of ?40,000 per month to cover the advertising in key locations and in order to ensure that the manpower is available in every store across the country. It is also recognized that having a strong celebrity endorsement may be very beneficial, the budget may need to be adjusted to reflect this.Evaluation MethodsBy looking at the current difficulties being faced by the M&S clothing range, it can be seen that it is largely attached to the perception of individuals and the demands of the potential target audience. With this in mind, evaluating the marketing and PR agenda will not only involve looking at quantitative figures such as the change in sales, but more crucially at the changing perceptions of customers and potential customers. Also for this reason, at least initially, the necessary way to evaluate the PR agenda will be to undertake an analysis of customer perceptions and rapture of products. After the initial six-month period, it is anticipated that there will be shifting sales figures and therefore the evaluation methods used would need to alter to take this into account. It is, however, recognised that this marketing agenda will not completely change the fortunes of the company in a matter of weeks and evaluation methods need to be reflective of this gradual shift, if the agenda is not to be deemed a failure, at a fairly early stage (Newman & Cullen, 2002).ReferencesHackley, C, (2009) Advertising and Promotion An Integrated Marketing Communications Approach, sensible PublicationsHallbauer, S, (2008) Retail Marketing and New Retail Idea Marks and Spencer, GRIN VerlagMacDonald, G, (2011) For M&Ss Bolland, Success is in the Detail, Retail Week, Available at http//www.retail-week.com/city/for-mss-bolland-success-is-in-the-detail/5025603.articleMarks and Spencer (2014) Available at http//corporate.marksandspencer.com/investors/press_releases/only_m_s_marks_spencer_invites_you_to_meet_britains_leading_ladiesNewman, A & Cullen, P, (2002) Retailing Environment & Operations, Cengage LearningParrish, E. (2010) Retailers use of niche marketing in product development. Journal of style Marketing and Management, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 546-561

Ancient Egypts Effect on Modern Society Essay

The museum has forever and a day been a focalise for all different types of people from the public to go and jimmy art and feeling reconnected with the past. People may go to the museum for these reasons or a variety of others. But for whatever reasons they choose to go to the museum it always has an influence on that persons affinity between them and the narrative they viewed. Specifically speaking the museum has a big influence on the public and antique Egypt. The museum is already a place of history and mystery and Ancient Egypt is sensation of the most mysterious ancient cultures.With so little known ab pop out these ancient people it exclusively makes sense that the museum would be a good place to strengthen that feeling of mystery. Ever since the modern discovery of Ancient Egypt the public have been fascinated by the mystery left behind by these ancient people. The modern public is always interested in learning about Egypt. Weather that be from books to movies or tri ps to the museum the general public uses a variety of methods to learn about the Ancient Egyptians culture. Stereotypically speaking when most people talk of Egypt they think of mummies.Most people star speaks to have generally the same depiction of what Egypt is in their heads. So a lot of times people dont really know the verity about Ancient Egypt. And that is where the museum comes into play. The museum has always been found as a vi able-bodied source of accurate information regarding history. So in todays media replete society most people who are really curious about learning about Egypt would rather visit the museum rather than pick up a book on Egyptology and read it. The museum is a good place to start for people to go and observe visually what is left of Ancient Egypt.And these exhibits help to prepare an idea of what this Ancient civilization was truly like compared to the entertainment industries depiction of it. This act of going to the museum to fulfill ones curiosi ty on the subject is just one way the museum helps strengthen the bond between the public and Ancient Egypt. Another way the museum helps strengthen the alliance between the public and Ancient Egypt is by loose them an escape from reality. Most people get fed up with the normal day in and day out of adult life and are always looking for something new exciting and mysterious.Ancient Egypt is something that is tantalizing for people to learn and talk about because so little is known and so much gage be speculated. So the museum helps give this bored person a chance to view what is left of Ancient Egypt and to escape from their reality and escape to this mysterious world. This strengthens the relationship between Ancient Egypt and the public because people desire that mystery and they can get it by viewing the mystery of Ancient Egypt at the museum. One more(prenominal) way the museum strengthens this relationship is by adding more to the mystery.Meaning the museum shows the public a depiction of the past but no definitive answers, if anything I found you croak the Ancient Egyptian exhibit with more questions than answers. This quest for answers strengthens the relationship because the public is searching for an element of mystery and find it in Ancient Egypt, but each time they get more of a taste they get more unanswered questions. This causes more of a desire to learn and explore and it all begins with the museum large just a taste of the mystery surrounding Ancient Egypt.Following this drive for knowledge on Ancient Egypt the museum also helps strengthen the physical relationship between the public and Ancient Egypt. Ancient antiquities are one of the most sought after items for just aesthetic position. People will go out of their way to bring back a piece of history with them that they can hold in their hands. Weather that be through artifact relics or souvenirs somebody is always trying to take a piece of history with them. They might be doing this f or a variety of reasons.They may just want something interesting on a shelf to start a discussion where they can gloat about their recent trip to Egypt. Or they may want to have it because it makes them feel closer to the ancient times and the mystery of it all. But for whatever reason people always want to have some sort of item that relates them to the history or journey. The museum does this by providing them with a large varieties, the person who wants to fulfill that desire of owning a souvenir or relic, to choose from.You can buy almost anything Ancient Egypt related at the gift shop in a museum. From Lego pens to imitation artifacts, the museum is a great place to fill a need to buy a souvenir. Also what better time would it be to buy something Egyptian than right after viewing an exhibit of the real artifacts. So by being able to create a need for a physical relic and then fulfill it the museum is a perfect place to strengthen the bond between the public and Ancient Egypt.So the museum as it seams is a very powerful place when it comes to strengthening the bond between the public and Ancient Egypt. Weather the museum is providing just a simple craving of curiosity or to providing the perfect place to shop for a relic you can take home with you, it has been a great place to strengthen the bond between the public and Ancient Egypt. This place of mystery, knowledge and unanswered question will hopefully be around for a wide time to fulfill the publics desire to know more and become closer with Ancient Egypt.

Discuss and Provide Solutions on Inflation, Unemployment, Distribution of Income and Balance of Payments in the S.A. Context

PROGRAMMEMASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS SUR give awayFIELIES FIRST NAME/SMICHEAL CECIL STUDENT NUMBERMBA109062 E-MAILemailprotected net POSTAL ADDRESS23 Altenburg Street Highbury KUILSRIVERCODE7580 CONTACTS ( fireside)021 903-6904 (Work)021 904-5802 (Mobile)084 688 7147 LECTURER I hereby confirm that the assignment submitted herein is my own original work. Signature of Student Date18 May 2009 TABLE OF CONTENT Page Number Overview.. 3 A. Addressing pompousness. 3 excogitation.. 3 Definition of lump.. 3 Types of Inflation.. Inflation influencing SA the most . 6 Solutions for locomote prices . 7 B. Addressing un handicraft. 8 Introduction. 8 Define unemployment. 8 Different types of unemployment And the causes thereof. 8 Solutions to unemployment. 11 Addressing Income Distri al atomic number 53ion amongst different sections of the population. 12 Introduction. 12 Measurement of income distribution. 12 General causes of differences in income distribution . .. 12 Domestic pray for apprehend. 3 Domestic add on for labour. 13 Foreign send onward and supply for labour. 13 Skill-biased proficient causes. 13 Specific causes in the SA scene. 14 How sack up this be addressed. 15 Affirmative action. 16 Basic agree of employment. 16 D. Addressing the Balance of Payment Deficit. 17 Introduction. 17 Deficit on the Current Account of the Balance of payment. 17 Deficit on the Financial Account of the Balance of payment.. 18 Actions to reduce a substantialFinancial throwaway shortage.. 18 E. living the current economic c feed inch/agitation . 19 Introduction.. 19 Global time out.. 19 Causes of orbiculate recession.. 19 How far has SA weather the recession.. 19 What fanny be d angiotensin-converting enzyme to weather the recession.. .. .. 20 M one and only(a)tary insurance. . 20 Fiscal policy. . 20 Inflation.. 20 Export/Imports.. 20 F. Conclusion.. 21 G. Bibliography.. 22 OVERVIEWS discloseh Africas economic festering performance a nd out catch has been affected by global knowledges such(prenominal) as the global recession starting in the US and escalating oil prices in the middle-east causing cost-push inflation and has been revised substantiatewards. In fact, these challenges take a leak moved in tandem with international economic indicator trends and be exacerbated by supply side problems, including domestic unemployment, inflation evaluate beyond the arrest rim targets of betwixt 3 and 6%, skills shortages, a globally less-than-competitive industry, climate change and its negative impact on agriculture and water supplies and a volatilizable rand.High nutrition and energy prices have been major contributors to consumer price inflation. Increased victuals prices, together with a shortage of staple foods, have solvented in food stock levels beingnessness the lowest in yrs and therefore creating high food insecurity amongst the execrableer section of our communities. In the light of these ec onomic conditions both internally and externally this policy statement framework has been produced. A. ADDRESSING INFLATION INTRODUCTION Many experiences and authors of economic books shape my concept of inflation.I would in the light of my beneathstanding ascribe inflation as a consequence of human indiscretion due to wants and not of needs. People always have an insatiable desire for more and more goods that are attract by galore(postnominal) as the economic problem. When I draw up my policy framework for the performance of the economy I leaveing address and ramble the following issues namely price stability ( give inflation), full employment, balance of payments, equitable distribution of income in order to stimulate economic growth. DEFINITION OF INFLATIONmicrophone Moffatt1 defines inflation as an summation in the price of a basket of goods and services that is representative of the economy as a whole. A similar description of inflation can be found in Economics by Par kin and Bade2 Inflation is an upward movement in the average level of prices. Its opposite is deflation, a wipe outward movement in the average level of prices. The boundary surrounded by inflation and deflation is price stability. Also accord to McConnell, (2002 146) inflation is a rise in the general level of prices.Thus according to McConnell inflation does not mean the make up in price level of one or dickens items but cast up in price level of goods and services in general. further Mohr and Fourie (2008474) state inflation as the continuous and considerable rise in prices in general. As what can be seen from both definitions are (a) in general (b) rise of prices. But Mohr and Fourie go further and define inflation as a neutral definition without specific causes. heretofore in some(prenominal) instances authors pull up stakes describe inflation as excessive increases in money supply, etcetera Which can be causal definitions. Also Mohr and Fourie leave behind further state that nflation is a process and also concerns continuous and considerable increases in prices in general. pastce then, one can agree with the definition of Mohr & Fourie Inflation is a continuous and considerable rise in prices in general. TYPES OF INFLATION In an article What is inflation volt types of inflation defined by Tom Au3, Tom argues for the following types of inflation namely (i) commodity inflation, (ii) hire inflation, (iii) monetary inflation, (iv) fiscal inflation and (v) foreign reciprocation inflation. I would also argue that these types of inflation constitute the major types of inflation in SA.However these types of inflation can be divided and sub-divided into smaller units and subunits. For the pop the psyche of this writing I would consider the broad divisions as sufficient. (i)Commodity Inflation Commodity productions such as petroleum are in many cases a motive for an inflationary spiral. Other commodities could also contribute to this type of inflation such as other metals and other solid raw materials such as copper, coal, etc. Commodity inflation, better known as cost-push inflation, refers for example to a surge in the oil price which obviously has nothing to do with domestic consumer necessitate.It concerns prices limit on global marts over which the Central Bank has no control. The petrol price that stems from the cost of a barrel of oil thereby creates a volatile escalation of prices of goods and services because the increase in cost for a barrel of oil is transferred to the cost of yield and yettually to the cost of consumer products. For example last year in June 2008 the petrol price went up by 50 cents a litre after a 55-cent increase in April 2008. The price of unleaded petrol in Gauteng increased to 996 cents a litre and to 972 cents a litre at the coast.Diesel went up 0,05 percent sulphur went up by 71 cents, the wholesale paraffin series price increased by 71 cents. 4 Even though at that point in time t he country struggled with escalating food and power prices we had another furnish price increase. The consequence of the escalating prices of petroleum and so oil and other fuel prices caused the price of e reallything else to go up and consequently commodity induced inflation. ii) Wage Inflation It is my estimation that the type of inflation that has the largest impact on inflation is affiance inflation or in other words convey-pull inflation.Employees become aware of the uprise prices and pick up more money in the form of high engages. on that point are numerous examples of wage eruptions in second Africa. For example Barbara Slaughter5 reports The longest cosmos service strike in South African history. The dispute began on June 1, when workers from 17 unions took all-out strike action in support of a demand for a wage increase of 12 percent across the board. The strike involved 700,000 workersprofessional, skilled and unskilled. It received widespread support amongst the rest of the working section in South Africa.On June 13, 2007, hundreds of thousands of municipal workers took part in a one-day solidarity action in support of the strike. They included taxi and bus drivers, electricity and make clean workers, and administrative workers from border posts and airports. On that day, all the major cities in South Africa were brought to a standstill because of mass demonstrations in support of the public service workers strike. Eugene Puryear reports in his website about the same strike as Nearlyone million hospital and education workers have been on strike6. This is whole one example of the impact of a wage strike on the economy of the country.How many labor hours have gone lost which impact on fruit and could cause a lowering in the GDP of the country. If inflation could also be defined as too much money chase to hardly a(prenominal) products, then this wage strike cause a reducing on production and thus inflation. iii) Monetary Inflation I t can happen that the Reserve Bank governor refuses to increase the interest invests whilst the cost of living is high. Thereby causing too much money floating the economy and pot represent demand for goods whereas the supply is not sufficient for demand causing the cost of goods to rise.There can be much confusion between cost-push and demand-pull inflation. It is noted by some business reporters like Greta Steyn that Mr. Tito Mboweni did not recognize the before mentioned types of inflation therefore blaming the increase in inflation to commodity inflation and asserted that inflation is caused by the foreign global economy and not domestic demand-pull inflation. Mr. Mboweni maneuverd that his interest rate action (increase prime rate) had already done enough to tame demand.However he did not raise enough on interest evaluate implying a relatively low interest rate that causes yet a bullocky demand for goods and thereby not curbing inflation further. The inflation rate curre ntly is 8. 5% at present well outside 3 6% target. iv) Fiscal Inflation Fiscal inflation is caused when authorities spending exceeds taxs. Overspending cause a famine on the balance of payments. The deficit however must be recovered by most probably the increase in income tax of public and mystic sectors. During the current crisis in 1996, the political relation introduced the GEAR strategy.GEARs key element are reduced government spending, also the rate of inflation, with the view to encourage private investing, economic growth, and thereby job creation. But the government reduced the cipher deficit from 4,6% in 1996 to 2,6% in 2000. The average reduction over this period is 3,1%. But when government spending fling private investment spending was expected to be 11,7% by the year 2000. However private investment average a mere 1,2%. If government does not spent and private sector default on spending the result bequeath be unemployment, economic instability as well politic al vulnerability.Under these conditions there will be civil demands for higher wages that could be inflationary. It is give tongue to by some that a war increase government spending. If this is the case then we wage war against ourselves in this country. (v) Foreign Exchange Inflation Foreign exchange inflation happens when the local coin falls dramatically against other world currencies, thereby crisply raising the price of imported goods and hence the overall price level. INFLATION INFLUENCING SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY THE MOSTThe three most volatile types of inflation that influence the South African economy is Wage Inflation, Commodity Inflation and Foreign exchange inflation. As seen from the examples government spending has definitely slowed down in order to decrease the deficit and thus lifting the burden on tax payers to food the bill. So for the interim fiscal inflation is kept under control. The Reserve Bank by means of monetary policy is in control of the money supply in t he economy. If you increase money supply windy i. e. lowering the prime rate, than your economy grows, you will have too much money chasing too few goods.The price of goods will therefore increase. Thus an increase in inflation. Therefore to stabilize inflation you have to reduce the money supply and thus increase the prime-lending rate. Monetary inflation is a function of the Reserve Bank and within the control of the Governor of the Reserve Bank by means of monetary policy. SOLUTIONS FOR INFLATION 1. Contractionary Fiscal Policy If the government looks to fiscal policy to control inflation its options are (i) decrease government spending (ii) raise taxes or (iii) some conspiracy of the two policies. (i) Decrease government spendingTo control demand-pull inflation the government should reduce government spending. Reduction in government spending reduces essence demand and thereby halts demand-pull inflation. (ii)Raise taxes By raising taxes the deposable income of consumers is r educed thereby decreasing aggregate demand, which is anti-inflationary. (iii) Combination of Decrease government spending and Raising taxes As can be expected a combination of the two whitethorn have a quicker anti-inflationary effect on consumer spending. 2. Monetary Policy The monetary policy committee is given an inflation target by the government, which is between 3% and 6%.The dig that is used by the reserve bank is to use interest grade to achieve this inflation target. Increase interest rates will help reduce the growth of aggregate demand in the economy. A reduction in aggregate demand will slow down growth and will induce a decrease in inflation rate. 3. Exchange rate policy This policy is used to keep the value of the Rand high. Resulting in a favourable market for imports. The price for imported goods will be expensive and when companies apply investment spending the cost will be transferred to the consumer. This tool to reduce inflation is not very useful because it ca n cause a recession. . Disposing of surpluses When the economy faces demand-pull inflation, fiscal policy should move toward a government budget surplus i. e. tax revenues in excess of government spending. But the anti-inflationary effect of the surplus views on what the government does with it. I would suggest to the government to impound the surplus. When a surplus is impounded the government is extracting and withholding purchasing power from the economy. Thus, there is no chance that the surplus fund will create inflationary pressure to spark the anti-inflationary impact of the Contractionary fiscal policy.B. ADDRESSING UNEMPLOYMENT INTRODUCTION fit to Mohr & Fourie the second macro economic objective is full employment. However in theory full employment can be accomplished but in reality government spending and tax collection is never equal. Therefore when government is dealing with a deficit budget (government spending in excess of tax revenues) the economy is at a down tur n since aggregate demand slow down and thus GDP also drops with the result of unemployment. Thus this macro economic evil must be understood in its broader sense.In this writing I will deal with the definition for unemployment then describe the different types of unemployment, the causes of unemployment, types of SA unemployment and solutions to unemployment. DEFINE UNEMPLOYMENT Prior to 1994, the strict definition was used by Stats SA to estimate unemployment in South Africa, with the result that the official estimates were generally regarded as being too low. Stat SA later on switched to the expanded definition, but some observers (including the International Labour Office) regarded the recent official estimates as being too high.In June 1998 Stats SA reverted to using the strict definition as the official definition, although estimates based on the expanded definition are also published. (Mohr & Fourie, 2002498) Statistics South Africa defines unemployment (strict definition) as those in the economically active population (aged 15 to 65) and are either employed or seeking work, who i. Have not worked during the last seven long time prior to being interviewed ii. Want to work and are available to start work within a week of the interview by Stats SA iii.Have interpreted active steps to look for work or to provide themselves with self-employment in the four weeks preceding the interview. However the expanded definition omits involvement (iii) because many dismissed pile become discouraged after several attempts to look for employment. 7 DIFFERENT TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE CAUSES THEREOF The basic distinction of unemployment is between voluntary and involuntary unemployment. But the unemployment rate is expressed as the percentage of the labour force (people who are willing and able to work) that cannot find a job. Thus in reality there is only involuntary unemployment.Those that prefer by own volition to be without work cannot be regarded as unem ployed. In economy the usual distinction amongst types of unemployment is between frictional unemployment, seasonal unemployment, structural unemployment and cyclical unemployment. (i)Frictional unemployment Frictional unemployment exists because of lags between workers leaving one job and taking up another and because there are times of the year when many new workers (e. g. school-leavers) enter the labour market. In these circumstances there is some delay in finding them all jobs. (ii)Seasonal unemploymentSeasonal unemployment arises because certain occupations require workers only for part of each year e. g. picking and processing of food and vegetables and tourist regions that are busy during peak seasons. (iii)Structural unemployment Structural unemployment is caused by changes in the structure of an industry as a result of changes in technology or tastes. For example increasing automation in manufacturing industry, encouraged by recent developments in computer technology, has made many skills obsolete. Thus whole communities may become unemployed until new skills have been acquired. (iv)Cyclical unemploymentCyclical (or demand-deficiency) unemployment happens when there is a decline in the economy as a result of a lack of demand. A lack of demand curbs production and therefore management will try to chop costs by laying off workers, but only until demand increases then workers will be asked to come back. (v)Apart from the above mentioned causes of unemployment the following should also be mentioned In todays economy unemployment has a variety of causes. Nevertheless some of them relate to the general level of economic activity while others are the result of a failure in the labour market in an economy to work optimally.Mohr & Fourie indicates that South African unemployment rate in the past two decades originated from the supply side of the labour market as well as from the demand side. Supply side Every year the number of school leavers are added to t he labour force. Thus the growth of the labour force exceeds the demand post by the economy. The economy can absorb only a certain tally of workers especially when the growth in GDP is not sufficient to provide in jobs for the new entrants into the labour market. When the growth in the labour force is big(p) than the number of the opportunities, unemployment sets in. Demand side During a slump in the economy the price level of goods is high i. e. inflation is increasing. Goods and services are expensive and leads to workers demand a higher wage. In order to cut production costs and thereby keep companies profitable workers are laid off. Thus leading to wage demand unemployment. Unemployment due to inflation the Phillips submit Inflation does cause unemployment but it need not necessary be the case. In the short term the Phillips yield happens to be a declining curve i. e. there is a negative relationship between inflation and unemployment.There is thus an increase in aggregate demand that usually lead to an increase in production and income and cooccurringly increase in the price level of goods and services. And conversely a decrease in aggregate demand results in decrease in production and income and a simultaneously decrease in the price levels. But the level of production is positively cerebrate to the level of employment i. e. if production goes up then employment also increases (unemployment decreases). Therefore if economic activity is high unemployment is low, production is high, price levels start to increase and inflation begins to set in.When prices become too inflated then aggregate demand starts to decrease, but decrease in price levels does not happen immediately. Therefore the continued increase in the price levels irrespective decrease in aggregate demands leads to unemployment because manufacturing of goods slow down due to the lack of demand. The Phillips curve led many economists to believe that there could be a deal off between unem ployment and inflation. In other words, a lower inflation rate could be achieved by trading it off against greater unemployment. And a higher inflation rate could be achieved by trading it off with a lower inflation rate.The abovementioned scenario explains the short-run effect depicted by the Phillip curve but the long-term effect of the Phillip curve show that unemployment and inflation are not related. In the long run when labour and capital are at full capacity, an increase in aggregate demand affect the price levels only. It is clear that this is the point where inflation increases sharply i. e. the price levels of goods and services, because of continued increase in demand, becomes so expensive that eventually demand for products drop and consequently the demand for employment also drops.Thus unemployment sets in. Stagflation In the 1970s inflation and unemployment increases at the same time. This phenomenon is called stagflation. This is an economic problem that is twice as serious as in the case when there is a trade off between either unemployment or inflation. When it so happens that the oil prices increase by three hundred%, this higher energy prices would spread through the economy, driving up production and distribution costs on a wide variety of goods.It is quite obvious to understand that transport is most important in the supply chain of production especially in the upstream packet of the supply chain, which includes the company suppliers, the suppliers suppliers. But transport is also needed in the downstream portion of production, which consist of processes for distributing and delivering products to the final customers. 8 Hence the resulting increase in the price level because of cost-push inflation. Also real output declines while price levels rise. This means a simultaneous increase in the levels of unemployment and inflation (stagflation).SOLUTIONS TO UNEMPLOYMENT South Africas unemployment rate rose to 23. 5% in the first quarter of 2 009 from 21. 9% in the previous three months, Statistics SA said on Tuesday. (Sapa, 5 May 2009) A total of 208000 people living in SA lost their jobs between the last quarter of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009, according to the Pretoria-based agencys quarterly labour force survey. The survey shows that losses occurred both in the formal (88000) and in the informal (96000) sectors. (Sapa, 5 May 2009). There is thus a more than a fifth (1/5) of people unemployed.This represents a huge cost to government and to clubhouse as a whole. Firstly I would proposed a junction government, business and labour task team to clampdown on cheap imports into SA as part of a number of measures aimed at helping local companies retain jobs and uphold afloat through the global economic slowdown. These measures would aim at the following That business pledge to do everything in its power to avoid retrenchments Retraining people who face retrenchment and therefore become re-employed soon Creation of jobs through the Expanded Public Works Programme i. . promote labour intensity demonstrate ways of lowering the cost of capital. However a much promising strategy would be to raise the demand for domestically produced products by increasing the demand for exports. Therefore as previously mentioned we must assist export in the following ways (i)Assist potential exporters to find international markets, and subsidize some of these costs. (ii)Allow or engineer a depreciation of local currency against other currencies, thereby making exports more competitive. iii) Implement import restrictions i. e. tariffs and quotas.We could also reduce unemployment by excite and promoting small businesses and the informal sector. I believe that small businesses create more employment than larger business ventures. C. ADDRESSING INCOME DISTRIBUTION AMONGST DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE POPULATION INTRODUCTION association about the nature of income distribution is necessary for social development and thus for the distribution of resources where it is needed in order to create a fair society and better life for all who live in it. Nationally for any particular country society will because as a consequence of a sluttish market society be stratify into various dimensions.Thus the conclusion knowing the nature of income distribution amongst the different population sections. In order to accomplish this objective I will address the following aspects of income distribution amongst the different section of the population. (i) Measurement of income distribution, (ii) General causes of differences in income distribution, (iii) Specific causes in the SA context and (iv) How can it be addressed. MEASUREMENT OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION Generally the Lorenz curve is a great deal used to represent income distribution, where it shows for example the bottom 20% of all households have 10% of the otal income. A perfect equal income distribution would be one in which every person have the same incom e for example 20% of households have 20% of total income. This can be depicted by a line of perfect equality. By contrast, a perfectly unequal distribution would be one in which one person has all the income and everyone else has none. If the horizontal-axis or the Lorenz curve is the x-axis and the vertical axis is the y-axis then in a perfectly unequal distribution this curve will be call the line of perfect inequality.The Gini coefficient is the line of business between the line-of perfect equality and the observed Lorenz curve, as a percentage of the area between the line of perfect equality and the line of perfect inequality. (This equals two times the area between the line of perfect equality and the observed Lorenz curve. ) The higher the coefficient, the more unequal the distribution is. 9 GENERAL CAUSES OF DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DISTRIBUTION From all the factors of production the cost of labour as part of the GDP is the most influential, apparently because it involves huma n beings.And human beings are the most varied and complex factor in the factors of production. In a perfect labour market all workers have the same education and training, have the same skills and earn the same wages (income). But the labour markets are not homogeneous. In fact it is imperfect and even if all the other labour markets are in equilibrium (balance between supply and demand of labour) there will be always differences in what workers earn. house servant DEMAND FOR LABOUR The most important aspect of the demand for labour is that it is a derived demand. (Mohr & Fourie, 2008282).Domestically demand for labour will depend on production on goods and services. This means if production increases the demand for labour will also increase. Demand for products will influence the profitability of that product industry and thus the income and spending of that particular section of the population. Most countries have basically the same product mixture, but demand for the different pr oducts can differ sharply and thus will produce inequality in income amongst different sections of the population. DOMESTIC SUPPLY FOR LABOUR An increase in the wage rate will induce more people to enter the labour market and supply their services.The market supply of labour will this have a positive slope, indicating that the quantity of labour supplied will increase as the wage rate will increase. But absorption into the labour market depends on the nature of the product market, which offer that employment. As indicated previously the product industries produce different products and therefore different demands, which will lead to different wages. The different products need different skills. Therefore the discriminating factor amongst the different products will be the different skills amongst workers and thus the difference in income amongst the various sectors.FOREIGN DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR LABOUR The Stolper-Samuelson theorem predicts that international trade influences relativ e factor demands and thus factor prices. 10 The basic idea of this theorem is that trade affects prices of products which in turn affect factor prices by changing relative factor demands. Once again the demand for labour will depend on supply of products and thus supply of the appropriate labour, which in turn will influence the income for various groups of income. SKILL-BIASED TECHNOLOGICAL CAUSESThe undivided most cause of change in the income distribution is technological change. (David G. Blanchflower and M. J. Slaughter 78) A few recent papers provide direct evidence of this technological shift and link it to wage outcomes. Berman, Bound and Griliches present several case studies that document the technological changes that have occurred in industries experiencing large shifts towards more skilled workers. According to Laudon (1998) over half (55 percent) of the US labour force consists of nurture workers and 60 percent of the GDP of the US comes from the nowledge an informa tion sector, such as finance and print. It is argued in general by many authors that skill-biased technological change is a global phenomenon. That is to say by implication that income distribution, unemployment is a consequence of jobless growth caused by technological and capital investment. SPECIFIC CAUSES IN THE SA CONTEXT The South African context from a wage inequality perspective is a very complex subject. star is impulsively inclined to think racial discrimination when you think about inequality in any aspect in S.A. But Mohr & Fourie point out not to ascribed most or all differences in remuneration to discrimination. However many writers would provide statistical detail from STATS SA, October household surveys to climb that the inter-racial income distribution gap over the past three decades have narrowed. But this narrowed income gap can be misleading due to poor statistics and because of rising income of an elite group of black people. Meaning a large income for the up per income group will be a misleading average on income for a specific group.The trends for unemployment and income are still highest amongst black people. The following reasons for this inequality can be extrapolated from the following data. defer1. Labour absorption rates Category Absorption rates African men 35% White men 68% African women 22% White women 44% Source UNDP human Development Report, SA. 2000) Estimations from this data indicate that the trend is that the labour market does not easily absorb African men and African women. White women not absorbed into the labour market do not mean they are unemployed. This leaves many African men and women unemployed creating income inequality between whites and blacks. Table 2. Mean monthly income (Rand) Sector Men Women titular Average (white workers)* 7514 4774 African workers Formal (urban) 2204 2068 Informal (urban) 1012 845 Informal (non-urban) 705 524 Domestic (urban) 903 537 Domestic (non-urban) 347 397 Agriculture (formal) 1011 599 Agriculture (informal) 386 306 Average (African workers)* 938. 29 * 753. 1 * (Source Statistics South Africa, October Household Survey, 1999) (* sustain interpretation) Once again this is an estimation and extrapolation to give an indication to show the averages of income amongst whites (men R7514 p/m woman R4774 p/m) and blacks (men R938. 29 p/m woman R753. 71p/m). Table 3. Annual per household income (constant Rand) 1991 and 1996 African White 1991 1996 1991 1996 Poorest 50% 3 005 2 383 35 028 29 549 41-60% 9 519 9 120 96 444 83 506 61-80% 18 497 19 183 155 763 134 821 81-90% 33 843 37 093 228 018 207 243 Average 12 972. 8 13 555. 8 103 050. 6 91 023. 8 (Source UNDP human Development Report, SA. 2000) There is a slight movement in income from 1991 (R12 972. 80) to 1996 (R13 555. 80) in the African household income. There is a decrease from 1991 (R103 050. 60) to 1996 (R91 023. 80) in the White household income. But look at the diff erence in income for Blacks average in 1996 (R13 555. 80) and Whites average in 1996 (R91 023. 80). A difference of R77 468. 00. Table 4.Gini coefficient, 1975 1996 (1 = total inequality / 0 = total equality) 1975 1991 1996 African 0,47 0,62 0,66 White 0,36 046 0,55 moody 0,51 0,52 0,56 Asian 0,45 0,49 0,52 TOTAL 0,68 0,68 0,69 (Source UNDP human Development Report, SA. 2000) Table 5.Gini coefficient estimates of income and expenditure inequality Disposable income Gini coefficient Black African 0,63 Coloured 0,59 Indian/Asian 0,57 White 0,56 (Source IES 2005/2006) * I have combined the two Gini coefficient tables 4 & 5 in the table below Table 6 to show that the Gini coefficients from 1996 to 2006 i. e. 10 days later have not change yet.This is a clear indication as to inter-racial inequality distribution in income. * Table 6. Gini coefficient 1996 2005/2006 African 0,66 0,63 White 0,55 0,56 Coloured 0,56 0,59 Asian 0,52 0,57 HOW IT CAN BE ADDRESSED i) Educati on and trainingEducation is a responsibility of the government in so far as the render of infrastructure i. e. training of teachers, building of schools, providing a well-structured curriculum and learning materials. But attending to the regularly attendance of learners is the responsibility of the parents. As previously indicated a great shortcoming in the labour market is that of skills. School system adopted the OBE Curriculum to make the school system more relevant to the economic conditions domestically and more competitive to the global economy. But the implementation of OBE implies the teacher/learner ratio of at least 125 whereas in reality it is on average 140, making the school system ineffective.Democracy also created a liberal education system, which undermines the discipline, which also is necessary for successful education. Therefore government spending on the school system should improve in order to address this shortcoming in the education system so that the skills needed to curb unemployment are provided. ii) The Skills Development Act, 97 of 1998 aims to develop the skills of the labour force by increasing investment in education and training in the labour market and to address the skills shortages. iii) Government intercession AFFIRMATIVE ACTION The composition of the population is not uniform with respect to operate relations and cultural issues.To allow these issues of race and culture to take its own course is a recipe for disaster therefore government intervention to engineer a system that addresses the economic inequalities. Because unemployment, poverty, poor education and low social status work into the hands of social issues such as racism and cultural incompatibilities. To alleviate poverty, unemployment, poor education, a new system of affirmative action must be implemented in order to get a more equitable distribution of positions in the labour market i. e. targets to create gender equality, racial equality and cultural equalit y by means of affirmative action. BASIC CONDITION OF EMPLOYMENTThis act, The Basic find out of Employment Act, 75 of 1997 is to advance economic development and social justice by establishing and enforcing basic conditions of employment. D. ADDRESSING THE BALANCE OF PAYMENT DEFICIT INTRODUCTION An unstableness in a nations balance of payments in which payments made by the country exceed payments received by the country. This is also termed an unfavorable balance of payments. Its considered unfavorable because more currency is flowing out of the country than is flowing in. Such an unequal flow of currency will reduce the supply of money in the nation and subsequently cause an increase in the exchange rate relative to the currencies of other nations.This then has implications for inflation, unemployment, production, and other facets of the domestic economy. A balance of trade deficit is often the source of a balance of payments deficit, but other payments can turn a balance of trade deficit into a balance of payments surplus. The two briny components of the balance of payments are the current vizor and the financial account. Therefore the two basic deficits that can occur in the balance of payment are a deficit on the current account and a deficit on the financial account. When there is a deficit on the current account then imports exceeds exports and when there is a net capital inflow that exceeds net capital outflow then there is a deficit on the financial account.The question however is how will the deficits be financed. DEFICIT ON THE CURRENT ACCOUNT OF THE BALANCE OF PAYMENT Action to reduce a substantial current account deficit involves increasing exports or decreasing imports. This can be accomplished i. e. to promote exports in the following ways. (i)Keep domestic cost of production in finish e. g. the demand for higher wages must be controlled. The relationship of the governments with labour unions must be of good standing so that policy can be work ed out by government and unions for agreements to keep wage demands and inflation in check. (ii) Assist potential exporters to find international markets, and subsidize some of these costs. iii) Allow or engineer a depreciation of local currency against other currencies, thereby making exports more competitive. (iv)Implement import restrictions i. e. tariffs and quotas. Adjusting government spending to favour domestic suppliers is also effective. Less obvious but more effective methods to reduce a current account deficit include measures that increase domestic savings, including a reduction in borrowing by the international government. When the country experiences a financial account surplus it can use such surplus to finance the deficit on the current account. This means there is a net inflow of foreign capital. DEFICIT ON THE FINANCIAL ACCOUNT OF THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTAn imbalance in a nations balance of payments financial account in which payments made by the domestic country for purchasing foreign assets exceed payments received by the country for selling domestic assets. In other words, investment by the domestic economy in foreign assets is less than foreign investment in domestic assets. This is generally not a desirable situation for a domestic economy. However, in the turbulent world of international economics, a financial account deficit is often balanced by a current account surplus, which is generally considered a desirable situation. If, however, the current account does not balance out the financial account, then a financial account deficit contributes to a balance of payments deficit.ACTIONS TO REDUCE A SUBSTANTIAL FINANCIAL ACCOUNT DEFICIT INVOLVES increase FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT The following actions have already been taken a) Proctor & Gamble invest R200 million in new SA plant. With annual revenue of more than US$ 83 billion, Proctor & Gamble is considered the worlds largest consumer goods manufacturing company. The investment in South Af rica is considered to be a huge psychological victory for SA, says Business Day, in light of the current economic crisis. (Business Day 11 jar against 2009) (b)New trade infrastructure programme to boost business in Africa International financiers and developed nations have committed $1. billion to a new trade development programme that will open up business opportunities in eight African countries, including South Africa. (Business day 7 April 2009) (c)Mergers and acquisitions (M) in 2009 South Africa is expected to fare better than most countries when it comes to mergers and acquisitions (M) in 2009 with the region being well shielded from the turbulent global economy, according to merger markets South African M&A Round-up for 2008. (Business Day 20 January 2009) (d)2010 Soccer worldly concern Cup South Africa is holding the 2010 Soccer World Cup, which is a tremendous boost for foreign direct investment and employment and also for future ventures.In this manner we must promote foreign direct investment in South Africa to create a surplus on the financial account of the balance of payment. E. SURVIVING THE CURRENT WORLD ECONOMIC hee-haw / TURMOIL INTRODUCTION GLOBAL street corner The Global economy is currently in a recession, as we are made aware by many economists right over the world. There are declines in growth rates in many countries in both developed and developing countries. Most notably the United States CAUSES OF GLOBAL RECESSION In 20082009 much of the industrialized world entered into a deep recession sparked by a financial crisis that had its origins in i) unheeding lending practices involving the origination and distribution of mortgage debt2 in the United States. 34 ii) Sub-prime loans losses in 2007 exposed other risky loans and over-inflated asset prices. With the losses mounting, a threat developed in inter-bank lending. iii) The precarious financial situation was made more difficult by a sharp increase in oil and food prices. iv) The exorbitant rise in asset prices and associated boom in economic demand is considered a result of the extended period of easily available credit, pitiable commandment and oversight,6 or increasing inequality. v) As share and housing prices declined many large and well established investment and commercial banks in the United States and atomic number 63 suffered huge losses and even faced bankruptcy, resulting in massive public financial assistance. i) A global recession has resulted in a sharp drop in international trade, rising unemployment and slumping commodity prices. Social unrest and political changes have appeared in the wake of the crisis. 11 HOW FAR HAS SA WEATHERED THE RECESSION Prudent regulation of the financial sector may have partially shielded the South African economy from the vagaries of the global financial turbulence until now. At the same time, it is the combination of fiscal austerity and prudent regulation, among the hallmarks of GEAR, which have so far helped cushion the countrys economy from the global economic turmoil. The financial services sector, patronage its integration in the global economy, has so far remained resilient.The same applies to the agriculture and construction sectors, which continue to witness growth. WHAT CAN BE DONE TO WEATHER THE RECESSION MONETARY POLICY A likely immediate outcome of the current crisis is a cut or a series of cuts in interest rates by the South African Reserve Bank, which has raised them by five percentage points since July 2006. As household debt balloons locally, economists forecast further rate cuts up to 300 basis points. The hope is that rate cuts will spur consumer spending again and thereby increase aggregate demand and aggregate production. Thus increasing employment and decreasing unemployment. But interest rate cuts alone will not be adequate to revitalize the economy.According to Neva Makgetla, the lead economist for research and information at the Development Bank of Southern Africa , job losses are a certainty in South Africa, but the scale will depend on the nature of the global recession. FISCAL POLICY An appropriate government intervention would be to focus more systematically on creating employment opportunities on a larger scale. That requires measures to strengthen the efficiency of the economy overall, especially through enhanced infrastructure. It also requires more consistent institutional support and resourcing for employment-creating activities such as agriculture, manufacturing, personal and private services and construction. INFLATION Keep domestic cost of production in check e. g. the demand for higher wages must be controlled.The relationship of the governments with labour unions must be of good standing so that policy can be worked out by government and unions for agreements to keep wage demands and inflation in check. EXPORTS/IMPORTS (i)Assist potential exporters to find international markets, and subsidize some of these costs. (ii)Allow or en gineer a depreciation of local currency against other currencies, thereby making exports more competitive. (iii)Implement import restrictions i. e. tariffs and quotas. South Africa should streamline immigration and taxation policies to create a more attractive environment for foreign investors as an intervention in the current crisis. This would lay the groundwork for future growth.While the taxation issue is debatable, some analysts believe that the current taxation regime is actually pro-business the immigration system is generally seen as cumbersome and makes it difficult for skilled foreign nationals to settle in South Africa legally. However, over the past five years, the Department of Home Affairs has been addressing this issue partly by issuing quota permits to categories of skilled foreign nationals even before they got employed. CONCLUSION The economic forecast for South Africa is that the global recession may not have such a big impact on our domestic economic affairs and that we should survive the current economic turmoil provided that we keep inflation in check, foreign direct investment be promoted and stimulate exports.On the political front we hope that the transition from Mbeki government to a Zuma leadership will have a positive impact on the economy as a whole. Greater political discussion pursuing an economic perspective might stem political instability as far as wage negotiations is concerned. The stabilization of the cost of labour on the GDP will be a tremendous boost to the economy. It is my hope that the spirit of new leadership will create a new dimension in the development and stimulation of the economy of this country South Africa. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Bade Robin and Parkin Micheal (2008) Foundation of Economics 4th Edition. New York Addison Wesley 2. Blanchflower David G. & Mathew J.Slaughter (1973) The Causes and consequences of income equality L. Katz, G. Loveman and Paul R. Krugman 3. Brue Stanley L. and McConnell Campbell R. (2002) Economics Principles, Problems, and Policies fifteenth Edition. US Irwin McGraw-Hill. 4. Fourie Louis, Mohr Philip and associates (2008) Economics for South African students 4th Edition. Pretoria Van Schaik Publishers. 5. Laudon Kenneth C. and Laudon Jane P. (2007) Management Information Systems Managing The Digital Firm 10th Edition Upper level River, NJ. Pearson Prentice Hall. 6. Newstrom John W. and Pierce Jon L. (2000) Leaders and the Leadership Process second Edition. US Irwin McGraw-Hill. 7.Market House Books Editors & Oxford University Press Editors (1998) The Oxford Dictionary for International Business 2nd Edition New York Oxford University Press Articles / Internet Sites 1. Au Tom. The Daily Reckoning What is inflation Five Types of Inflation defined, 15 June 2007, http//www. dailyreckoning. com. au/what-is-inflation/? /2007/06/15/, Read on 15/05/09 2. Moffatt Mike What is Inflation Your Inflation Questions Answered, http//economics. about. com/od/helpforeconomicsstuden ts/f/inflation. htm, Read on 15/05/09 3. Newser In the News. co. za Petrol Price to go up by 50 cents, 3 June 2008, http//www. inthenews. co. a/2008/06/03/petrol-price-to-go-up-by-50-cents/, Read on 14/05/09 4. Proctor & Gamble invest R200 million in new SA plant 11 March 2009 New trade infrastructure programme to boost business in Africa 7 April 2009 Mergers and acquisitions (M & A) in 2009 20 January 2009 http//www. sagoodnews. co. za/trade_investment/proctor_gamble_invest_r200_mln_in_new_sa_plant. html , Read on 15/05/09 5. Puryear Eugene One million South African workers strike, Tuesday, 26 June 2007 http//www. pslweb. org/site/News2? page=NewsArticle&id=6917&news_iv_ctrl=1781, Read on 13/05/09 6. SAPA SA Unemployment Rises, 5 May 2009, http//www. fin24. om/articles/default/display_article. aspx? ArticleId=1518-25_2511351 7. Slaughter Barbara South Africa COSATU calls off public service strike, 14 July 2007, http//www. wsws. org/articles/2007/jul2007/safr-j14. shtml, Read on 13/ 05/09 8. Stats SA Quarterly Labour For Survey, Quarter 1, 2009 9. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Income Dsitribution, http/en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Income_Dsitribution Read on 16/05/09 10. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Late 2000 Recession, http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Economic_crisis_of_2008cite_note-1 , Read on 15/05/09 1 http//economics. about. com/od/helpforeconomicsstudents/f/inflation. tm 2 Micheal Parkin, Robin Bade,4th Edition Foundation of Economics 2008 New York Addison Wesley 3 http//www. dailyreckoning. com. au/what-is-inflation/? /2007/06/15/ 4 http//www. inthenews. co. za/2008/06/03/petrol-price-to-go-up-by-50-cents/ 5 http//www. wsws. org/articles/2007/jul2007/safr-j14. shtml 6 http//www. pslweb. org/site/News2? page=NewsArticle&id=6917&news_iv_ctrl=1781 7 Stats SA Quarterly Labour For Survey, Quarter 1, 2009 8 Laudon Kenneth C and Laudon Jane P. , 2007, 9 http/en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Income_Dsitribution 16/05/09 10 David G. Blanchflower & Mathew J. Slaughter, Th e Causes and consequences of income equality 11 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Economic_crisis_of_2008cite_note-1

Poetry Appreciation Essay

In this essay I am going to compare and contrast When we two parted a poem of George Gordon, Lord Byrons written in 1815 and Letitia Elizabeth Landons Loves polish lesson written in c1838, both poets are British and of the romantic period. When we two parted is an requiem of the loss of love, Byron is reflecting and analyzing a affinity that has already ended. His grief, anger and despair, intensifies his use of first person, which maintains a strong impact on the audience throughout. The poem is mesomorphic, personal and unreserved, the sense and passion is definitely felt through his writing. Byrons message is ambiguous so the reader is able to make their own assumption this is the beauty of the poem, it is suit to individual interpretation, making it inclusive and relatable to many different situations.The structure of the poem is separated into four stanzas each one being an octet. Punctuation suggests that every two lines can be read as one, the metre of the poem is iambi c pentameter, each line having 5 iambs and 10 syllables when two lines are read as one. The rhyming pattern in stanza one, two and four is ababcdcd but stanza three is ababacac. The poem mainly has a uniform rhyming scheme but the stop is disrupted in stanzas one and four lines five and six, I am non sure if this was intentional. I believe the poem can be see in many different ways the over all impression is the separation of two lovers, throughout the poem there are numerous references suggesting bereavement, loss and infidelity.In the first Stanza the metaphor Pale grew thy cheek and cold, colder thy kiss uses pale and cold in contrast with the rosy warm imagery of life, this could very well be an indication of death but could simply be an exaggeration of how he felt after the break up. On Line four the statement To burst for years is ambiguous as it suggests a lengthy separation but can also mean cut in two therefore could be related to line three Half broken- hearted, anot her interesting point is that the Byron used the word years rather than eternity or forever, maybe there was a go for of being reunited again in the future. Sorrow symbolizes the grief and mourning he feels, not necessarily for someone who has passed away simply adept a loss.In stanza two The dew of the morning, Sunk chill on my brow the dew is the cold wet, the image of rain could be an allegory of tears and signifying his misery. Thy vows are all broken, implies his lover was or is married or the promises she made to him were shattered, subsequently Byron speaks of feeling ashamed when he hears his/her name, possibly because their relationship was illicit . The following stanza uses a powerful expression They name thee before me, A knell to mine ear A shudder comes oer me a knell is the sound of a depressing bell rung slowly at a funeral, his lover may have died or Byron could again be exaggerating his emotions, speaking as though his lover or ex lover has passed away.On line t wenty Lord Byron asks Why wert thou so dear? why were you so additional? Or why did I love you so much?, he is questioning and re displaceing these feelings, the poem then goes on to assert that nobody was aware of the relationship not redden those that knew them both well, Long, long shall I rue thee, too deeply to tell, Byron is clearly saying that he deadlyly regrets the situation, wishing it had neer occurred maybe even feeling guilty if his lover was married. Finally the fourth stanza confirms an affair of some sort In secret we met- In silence I grieve, That thy heart could forget, Thy spirit deceive, if his lover had died or merely returned to his/her partner, then he would still grieve in silence as the relationship was private, Byron feels betrayed and bitter about the relationship, the use of the word spirit again gives the impression of death.If I should realize thee, after long years, how should I greet thee With silence and tears, the last line of the poem is a rev erberation of the second line giving an impression of irresolution, whilst the exclamation mark puts the echoed line in a different context, when they meet again it will be with silence and tears however the silence will have a different meaning and the tears will not be ones of sorrow.It is almost like each stanza represents the cycle of Byrons emotions, stanza one is the initial breakup and the start of his grieving process, in stanza two Byron is still accented and goes on to express his disappointment and embarrassment, by stanza three he is ashamed of himself, questioning the love and deeply regretting the situation finally in stanza four he is bitter and fantasising of how he would disregard her/him if they were to ever meet again.Loves last lesson is a soliloquy representing Landons frustration. My impression is that the character has fallen for somebody who hasnt returned her love or wasnt taking the relationship as seriously as she was. The structure of the poem is free ve rse it has neither regular metre nor rhyme In lines one to eight Landon expresses her anger and frustration towards her ex love, who has obviously moved on and forgotten their relationship with ease, she cannot comprehend how it is her thats been dismissed as she feels she was the perfect companion. Landon uses words from a semantic field of religion I who have worshippd thee, my god on earth is a strong statement but the metaphor emphasizes her absolute adoration for him.Your last command, forget me, she speaks about him as though he has control over her and she essential obey him. Will it not sink deeply down within my inmost soul? questioning herself for comfort the poet doesnt think its doable to move on, Forget thee ay, forgetfulness will be a mercy to me she genuinely wishes she could evade her emotions, it would cease her heartache. The hurt has taken control of her life to the extent of avoiding residual in fear she relives the agony in her nightmares a dream had made me live my woes again.The dreams she has are in fact worse than reality, Acting my wretchedness, without the hope my foolish heart still clings to, the only thing Landon can do now is hope that there will be some progression even though she herself thinks its highly unlikely, her hope is the only positive thing she has left other than the heartache and sorrow, she uses the simile of hope being like a drug that calms her pain slightly until the realisation hits which makes it unbearable double torture.Landon is isolated and spending her days alone feelings nervous and uneasy, when a breath sent the crimson to my cheek, like the red gushing of a sudden wound by all the careless looks and the careless words which have to me been like the scorpions confidence trick crimson and red flushing to the cheek gives an imagery of shame, this gave me the impression of defamation, Landon may have a history that she isnt proud of and that is what she actually wants to forget, the way she is being do by is what is hurting more than anything as she said it was like a scorpion stinging which is a simile for unspeakable pain. In this stanza Landon makes some powerful statements her happiness has been sunk forever, shes deemed with perpetual misery, her feelings have been wasted, her health destroyed, her hopes have been crushed and her heart stole,

Cry the Beloved Country Restoration Analysis

Restoration Through Symbolism Restoration is a beautiful thing. Watching something go from nothing to everything is amazing. In the book Cry, the Beloved Country, by Alan Paton, restoration is one of the chief(prenominal) themes of the book. I am going to talk about two main examples a quotation from a character and the significance of a certain character. The first thing developing the concept of restoration is the character Napoleon. Napoleon was an allusion utilize in the story. He was a demonstrator that came to the city of Ndotsheni to help them get back on their feet again by teaching them how to efficiently farm.However, his advice was not exactly accepted with open arms. As a character, he is quite similar to Napoleon Bonaparte, a French leader. Both of them had very helpful ideas to improve life for everyone, tho not everyone appreciated his suggestions. The Napoleon in the story also symbolizes starting the process of restoration. When Ndotsheni finally accepts his advi ce and begins doing things more efficiently, its an enormous turning point for the city. Also symbolizing the restoration process is the words of another character, Father Vincent.Feature ArticleCountry SchoolAllen CurnowFear is a journey, a terrible journey, but sorrow is at least an arriving, he says, while comforting Stephen Kumalo. When he says this, he also hints at the concept of restoration, because later in the quote, he references building a house, instantaneously saying that you can rebuild what you have lost. Ive just given two examples on how different types of material in the same book can symbolize almost the exact same thing. Watching restoration is still thrilling for me, whether it be in real life or in a sham town.

Pillsbury Cookie Challenge

GLOBAL MARKETING-2 PILLSBURY COOKIE CHALLENGE GROUP-12, Roll No-2210,2240,2249 10/20/2011 What consumers should the team scrape? Pillsbury should target Scratch Users segment which is 61% as comp ared to 49% in US. They have almost 24% as refrigerated users, when we go through the qualitative research which suggests the following * Product should be easy, quick, practical, affordable and pleasing to children. * The Baking experience was important. * Feel of sharing and giving. * Lapsed users were less secure to use convenience products which take them away from scratch baking. No issues with nutritional value * Using Pillsbury product was still far better than buying readymake product, because it involved the exertion and therefore represented an act of generosity. From above we toilette conclude that if Pillsbury can amplification customer value perception in the scratch segment, they can increase the market share. Since the main concern of scratch users are baking experien ce and to certain extend the quality of product, if tackled could lead to increased market share. What should their brand messaging be?Brand messaging should be targeted to increase the customer value perception, target scratch customers, especially to mothers and kids who play an important part in Canadian family, as suggested by qualitative research. * Scratch audition equals to Pillsbury Cookie Dough Pillsbury Refrigerated Cookies, leave the mess part to us, readymade dough, get yourself creative with cookies, have fun with kids and pull up stakes taste like home made cookies. How could they communicate this message in a relevant way to the consumers in a way that would translate into increased sales?This can be through by various means as stated below * Target Segment Market Campaign * By TV ad campaign aiming the target audience Scratch Users * Targeting mothers and kids * Packaging * By changing the packaging to suite the target market specially to kids and mothers. * Havin g Influential messages on the pack, to influence scratch users on the quality and nutritional value of the product. * By having recipes which can be used with refrigerated dough cookies, like a value added, which will increase effort and experience of baking using readymade dough. Product Placement * Placement of the product at eye level (premium space), research shows cookie dough buying is impulsive, this will increase greater exposure to scratch users, more noticeable and accessible for impulse buying. * Rewards Programme * From the reason its seen that kids play a larger government agency as purchase driver in Canada than US, create rewards programme for kids, which will increase brand loyalty, awareness and attract the users/customers with kids. * Influence on kids will last lead to sales increase. ***********************************************

American Indian Boarding Schools Essay

The establishment of the schools for autochthonal Americans is not a new phenomenon as efforts were make at in the 19th century with emphasis being placed on the development of program lineal facilities where American Indians children could get improve through boarding schools. The aim was to bring them into the mainstream American parliamentary law and to teach them the values of the new American culture. First such experiment was made in 1879 when Capitan Richard Henry Pratt launch Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania.However, that experiment was not successful as many believed it was marred by the gross aversion of the Indian Americans and finally school was closed. However, the efforts were continued to be made to formalize knowledge for the Native Americans so that they can become effectively a class of the US society at ofttimes larger scale as well as contribute towards the development of the society. The aim of these schools were to replace the tradition al shipway of the American Indians with those sanctioned by the government so that Natives can be melt d birth into the mainstream American economy.In order to achieve the aim, a federal India insurance was adopted which advocated the separation of the Indian children from their families to enroll them into government run boarding schools. The aim was to immerse young people to adapt to the new society and replace their old and traditional way of living with the new and modern way of living. This essay will attempt to understand the principle objectives of the US. Indian Policy during 19th and early 20th century as well as discussing the role of education in fulfilling that aim besides discussing both(prenominal) other issues. principle Objectives Over the period of time, federal government established many schools including boarding, reservation, mission as well as day schools to bring in the native Indian American children into the new system of education. It is in addition im portant to discuss that many of the schools opened were also a part of the treaties made with the local Indian tribes by the federal government as well as some schools were established by the priests in order to combine the modern day education with the religious as well as cultural education.These schools were funded by the federal government too. The principle objectives behind the establishment of such schools were many folds. As discussed above that the canonic purpose was to bring in Native American children into the mainstream schools however, the basic principles on which such schools were built included military school regimen, strict adherence to the position language only, and further emphasis on splitting the time of children in such a way that on one hand they get their education and in their spare time, they emphasis more on vocational training.A close observation of the above principle objectives would notify that the education for Indian Americans were in the firs t place developed around the military style with more emphasis on the following of rules and regulations besides teaching the children to be more disciplined and organized. (Marr, 2008) Role of education the basic purpose behind such schools were to blend the education with the vocational training therefore the emphasis was on the development of both the education as well as skill level of the students.The role the education in such environment therefore would be many fold. Education was tailored in such a way that it allowed students to learn many new and important skills. The blending of the education with the practical training provided students the necessary skills to learn manual jobs. The programme was designed in such a way that it raised the overall consciousness levels of the Indian American students and provided them an opportunity to explore the world in much better and broader way.Education further allowed the government to restrainer potentially violent tribes as esta blishing of schools and teaching their children provided an opportunity to the government to control the tribes and ensure permanent peace. It is also important to note that such efforts also criticized too because it was argued that the education of such type forced the native American children to forget about their culture and concentrate on Anglo way of living thus a virtual death to the native culture. Conditions Conditions narrated in dissimilar accounts suggest that the students were put under strict control and in strict military sense.They were hardly allowed to meet their parents except brief period which was also being spied on by the schools. Children have to do their own work and the work related in the school too. Girls were required to support in meal preparations, sewing, cooking and other manual jobs whereas boys were required to chop woodwind instrument and perform other manual jobs to support themselves during their stay at schools. Children were often punished, sexually abused as well as put under ingrained conditions such as marching in rain, cold etc. (Vanderpool, 2002)Such conditions outline that all was not well and the perceived objectives of bringing in the children of Native Americans into the mainstream society of America was marred by some extremities which virtually failed the intentions with which such programs were initiated. Long term effects These experiments were proved a great negative twist on the Native Americans as the methods applied to teach the children were in anyway humane. Such methods may also point out to the fact that the intentions with which the programs were initiated were either not honest or there was a deliberate effort to kill the Indian and save the man concept.The reported incidents of the violence and strict environment suggest that we have hurt Indian American rather than helping them to adapt the new society. It may be claimed that the Indian boarding schools may have been the reply for the govern ment to the Indian problem but for the Indians it was a deliberate attempt to destroy their culture and gross abuse of their children in so called boarding schools which were established to civilize their children. (Bear, 2008)In order to assess the long term impacts of such efforts however we need to take into account both the sides as there were some positives as well as negative aspects of such efforts. On positive side, it helped children to get themselves educated as well as become aware of different possibilities available to them however on the negative side their culture was destroyed and they were largely abused. This probably has become a soar memory of the Indian American embarkation schools efforts by the Federal Government of US. Bibliography Bear, C. (2008).American Indian Boarding Schools Haunt Many. Retrieved September 11, 2008, from NPR http//www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=16516865 Marr, C. J. (2008). Assimilation Through Education Indian Boardin g Schools in the Pacific Northwest. Retrieved September 10, 2008, from University of Washington http//content. lib. washington. edu/aipnw/marr. html Vanderpool, T. (2002, April 02). Lesson No. 1 Shed your Indian identity. Retrieved September 10, 2008, from The Christian Science Monitor http//www. csmonitor. com/2002/0402/p14s01-lecs. html

John Dewey

Introduced his theories and concepts on how people theorise. He identified a number of diametrical modes of thought including check. He saw reproval as an aspect of thought, a rational and purposeful number that is more then mere thinking. Dewey contrasted routine action with reachive action, laying the roots of pondering physical exertion in teaching (Kodiak-Myers, 2012, p. 5). In his notion of reflective action he described a allow foringness to reside in egotism-assessment, which squired flexibility, abridgment and social aw beness (Pollard, 2005, p. 3). His reflection described a willingness to consider different possibilities and the cleverness and desire to recognize various opinions (Skateboarders, 2012, p. 5). upbraiding, as a familiar activity, is much misunderstood, over noteed in the ball swear out of teaching and equated with similar activities such(prenominal) as thinking about the day, making sense of experiences we had or discussing resent occurred ev ents and issues. In these daily activities instructors assume that eruditeness occurs (Bout, Gogh, & Walker, 1 985, p. 8).Employing a reflective teaching approach, a teacher will be In control of the teaching dish out and Its outcome, giving the teacher the major power to research on the effectiveness of his teaching enabling him to asses if schooling indeed occurs (Killeen, 1989, p. 52). In this assignment I will first, explain reflection. In this explanation I will consider the different straighten outification, categories and some characteristics of reflection. undermentioned I will argue that reflection inwardly the learning make for is important for the teacher.I will at that placeafter critically discuss some of the advantages and limitations of along feedback from students In the reflective practice and wall conclude that the advantages preponderate the Limitations of galling feedback. For a teacher to employ a reflective practice he or she demand to firstly under stand the meaning of reflection. Rodgers (2002) is of the opinion that, after almost a century of considering reflection there is no clear sagaciousness in our academic literature of what exactly reflection is. She reconsiders Dews concept of reflection and formulated four criteria that she felt characterized his concept of reflection.She speaks of reflection as a meaning making process that moves a learner from one experience Into the next, as a systematic, rigorous, deadlines way of thinking that require to happen in community, in interaction with others and it requires placement that value the avouch(prenominal) and intellectual growth of oneself and of others (Rodgers, 2002, p. 845). Reflection starts when a person inquires into his or her experiences and familiarity relevant to the experience, enabling him or her to ascribe meaning to his or her beliefs (Collier, 1999, p. 73). Learning Is affected through a process of thinking and fleeting on new experiences In relation t o an excellent familiarity base and own understanding. Collier (1999) refers to Kitcheners research that suggests a continuation of the reflection process, where knowledge is first viewed as genuine and absolute, learned from authorities and direct observations. This absolute acceptance of knowledge develops, as the individuals own experiences and knowledge develops to uncertain, relative and personal constructed (1999, p. 174).Suchn (1987) is of the theory within practice, and the use of such a process ultimately leads to expertise. He identified two possible processes of reflection, a retrospective analysis of experiences, the reflection-on-action and the reflection-in-action, which is the process of reflection as an active part of the experience. In the reflection-on-action a teacher will reflect after a lesson on the process by thinking about the lesson, reflecting on the impregnable and magnanimous moments in the lecture, considering how to improve on the bad elements and how to build on the good moments.Reflection-on-action will be possible through self-examination, student assessments, student feedback of lesson ND discussions of mentor teachers (Howell, 2014). Reflection-in-action is used more by teachers with existing knowledge of teaching and experience of the learning process and is used to assess the student participation, knowledge, understanding and learning during the lesson (Howell, 2014). A third process of reflection is a proactive reflection known as reflection-for-action (Collier, 1999, p. 174). Howell (2014) uses this third process of reflection, before-action, which allows her to consider her lesson before it takes place.This process of reflection allows the cheer to be in a position to consider what will be taught, how it will be taught and he or she sewer develop an inner attitude of gratitude that will positively influence the attitude of the learners. Reflection does not always occur on the analogous level and, is depending on the circumstances and experiences of the teacher. Reflection will be influenced by the teachers knowledge of the subject matter, her understanding of the teaching process as well as her personal circumstances and attributes. Howell (2014) identified these levels as technical, concrete and critical reflection.The chemical level is concern with effective application of educational knowledge and skill, the hard-nosed level describes an experience so that a subjective perception or commitment to a certain theory or system is noticed and critical reflection is indicated by a high strain of open-mindedness including ethical/moral and social considerations (Collier, 1999, p. 174). These levels of reflection exist and work together (Howell, 2014) and research has indicated that new teachers practically apply all these levels of reflection and all levels are equally important in the learning process Collier, 1999, p. 74). The teacher, as well as the learner in the sense that both teacher and learner land certain attributes to the learning process, will influence the process. Unless a teacher is capable of reflection he powerfulness not be able to bring about long term positive outcomes within the learning process. Teachers are often influenced by outside factors when faced with difficult situations within the variance room and post easily, unconsciously develop standard problem solving tactics, left unexamined for years (Shortchange & Vassals, 2005, p. 45). Shortchange & Vassals (2005, . 9) refers too five phase structured reflection process. In this process there is an action from the teacher, followed by a retrospective look back on the action, an awareness of essential aspects of the action, the creating of alternative methods of action and a re-trial of the action. Palmer, as quoted by Howell (2014) stated, good teaching comes from the identity and integrity of the teacher. E very(prenominal) teacher has certain identities, pre-set ideas and assurances whi ch he or she brings into the class room and these identities, personal views and assumptions will influence how e or SE teach and what he or she teach.This in turn will influence what our described as paradigmatic, prescriptive, and casual assumptions (Brookfield, 1995, p. 4). Paradigmatic assumptions are very difficult to identify and they are basic structuring of ideas we use to order the world, perspective assumptions are assumptions about what we think ought to happen in a situations and causal assumptions assist us in understanding the different processes within the working world and how processes work (Brookfield, 1995, p. 3).As teachers we must be able o reflect on these influence assumptions to alter us to build on our professional development. According to Shortchange & Vassals (Shortchange & Vassals, 2005, p. 53) it is important for a teacher, specially a new teacher to be able to get in touch with these different identities. They refer to reflection, which squirt take place on different inner levels. Where a teacher sees him or herself in a specific role within the class room, the teacher might be set on a mission to fulfill this role and beliefs which in turn may create behavior issues in the class (Shortchange & Vassals, 2005).It s only if the teacher reflect on what it is that he or she is doing that causes the behavior problem and invite why he or she is doing it that they might find an alternative to their perceived reality. This requires the teacher to do introverted reflection of her own actions, which is a very difficult task for anybody to achieve. Often reflection can focus on mainly on the technical or practical levels, without being critical. According to Brookfield (1995, p. 9) critical reflection will assist the teacher in unearthing the ways in which power is present in and distort the educational recess.Reflection is important for teachers both in their professional development as teachers as well as their personal growth as ed ucators. Reflection will lead to new and break in understanding of the learning process, often plagued with assumptions. The application of a reflective practice will lead to better Judgment, an examined common sense and better learning and understanding of our students who, in observing us, will develop their own reflective practices (Howell, 2014).Part of a reflective practice includes consultation with our peers and the enquiry into our caching by way of student evaluations. Student evaluations can form a very good reflective technique enabling a teacher to reflect on how her classes are received by her students instead of assuming that learning has taken place. An advantage of student feedback is to determine from the students how they restrict with the lesson, what did they find interesting and what did not work for them.One of the disadvantages of this form of feedback could lead to very subjective feedback from students, which is not a reflection of the true ability of the teacher. Brookfield (1995, p. 7) refers to the consummate(a) ten syndrome where teachers who receive a less then perfect score assume that they are not worthy teachers. Teachers disregard the complimentary and good feedback, concentrating only on the negative aspects of the feedback. This reaction is based on the preconceived assumption of teachers that good teaching is always followed by positive and good student evaluations.Critically reflection will assist the teacher in recognizing these unrealistic assumption and enable him or her to know that the complexities of learning as well as the students win attitudes towards their studies and the teacher self has influenced the low score. Equally, a perfect score could be indicating the teachers only accommodated the students in their preferred learning styles without exam the student outside of critique and was not developed to be the only answer in the learning process however I think that the advantages of reflective practice incl uding student feedback outweigh the disadvantages.Student feedback is important for the teachers own understanding of the learning process and it can contribute to the students sense of ratification in the learning process, displacing the essential assumption of teacher power over student. As a negative aspect of the student reflections it may over power students, giving them the false assumption that they control the learning process. I think that the teacher and the students, accepting the true negative issues as such, should critically reflect on the outcome of student feedback in an open process in a positive manner to overcome the negative issues.At the same season positive issues should also be considered and build on in future. In conclusion I can ay that reflection is a process of deep questioning set assumptions and believes within the learning process to enable a better understanding of the process, to develop as a diverse teacher and to ensure upper limit learning withi n the learning process. If reflection takes place before-action, the teacher will be able to do with gratitude, to enter the learning action with thankfulness and to convey a positive and thankful attitude to the students, creating an best learning environment.