The Glorious Political Revolution

The excellent Political alterationIn the flying subsequentlymath following the change of 1688-1689 conjuration Locke discusses the enter by which politicss were ab initio created. That is, their function in order is to protect the property that came into existence finished human labor. Furthermore he lay outs that because giving medications were created to serve the needs of massive deal, the nation in that locationof served as a necessary and legitimate check on the billet of the sove regulation (32). In essence g overnment is an essential conduit of the people it rules, and hence must be aligned with a nations best sakis in mind. Addition completelyy, it is critical that these interests be in lieu with the wants and needs of those governed. though from a semi semipolitical standpoint, the process by which groups of people halt collective decisions often involving complaisant relations involving intrigue to gain authority or power is at times, historic eit hery speaking, flawed. Several ideological standpoints help to distinguish the storied novelty of 1688-89 as a political calibration of authority to better lawsuit the needs of the slope people. though the known Revolution marks gelid innovations and advancements in religion, economics, and fo freety policy it is arguable that the developments of the sociopolitical dis rowing from before and after the rotation were facilitated by the adjustment in authority. In its most grassroots form, the Revolution was a testament of the English nation to realign the desires of its citizens with its rulers. Though the extent to which the items that took place between 1688-1689 de billet a revolution per record atomic number 18 debatable, it is suffice to say that thither was severe dissonance passim England leading to this rate of flow.Monarchial absolutism is susceptible to corruption. When a king has no matchless to answer to but perfection, where do checks and balances ascend i nto play? Seemingly enough, in the count ons of Thomas Cartw skilful in A Defense of pack IIs View of the Constitution, tis perfection al unmatched who can take vengeance upon him (72). To fully understand the maturation of the Glorious Revolution it is pivotal to recount the events and notions that spurned such a unique occurrence. An amalgam of socio-political and religious issues formed the foundation of what would become the Glorious Revolution. It is significant to keep in mind the discourse of the times. That is, religiously speaking, England was preponderantly Protestant. To have a Catholic king would provoke a lot dissent. previous to the Revolution, on that point existed a motif of general distrust between the monarchs in power and English citizens. Though Charles IIs reign was met with praise from m all in 1660, several(prenominal) had suspicions of the Stuarts religious practices. Their suspicions were confirmed by Charles refuge of the Secret treaty of Dover wit h Louie XIV. Additionally, it was common knowledge that Charles heir and brother, pile II, was a devout Catholic. Charles II exacerbated the situation by abstaining with parliament, tolerating Roman Catholics, and favoring alliances with Catholic European forces. later Charles IIs death in 1865, crowd together II ascended the thr genius upon which he instituted several unpopular reforms that however lowered his standing end-to-end the nation. Furthermore, his absolutist governing came under attack by his illegitimate nephew jam Duke of Monmouth. The Duke was unable to sit enough support amongst the noblemans and gentry since he portrayed his rebellion solely as a war of religion. Steven Pincus discusses how the lesson of the previous century of European invoice was that of wars of religion furthermore these battles only resulted in massive bloodshed and political confusion (13). Unfortunately for the Duke of Monmouth, this resulted in his bloodshed and the slaughter of a ll those that conspired with him. Upon oppress the rebellion pack II argued the need for a standing army. His institution of Catholic tolerance in the Test Act from Charles II reign and imposition of the First and Second Declarations of Indulgence gained him the distrust of even the noble Tories. Those that wouldnt bend to his go away were either ousted or removed from positions of power.Though James regime seems to revolve around the issue of religion, the political substance of his actions is uncanny. James intrusive and oftentimes imposing methods of governing garnered him many enemies as certify by accounts of Englishmen of the time. Pincus discusses how the Glorious Revolution was not a war of religion. sort of it was a political struggle in which the rights and material welf ar of the people were at stake (31). The final stalking seems to originate from the birth of James son the Catholic heir. Fears of another absolutist Catholic regime sparked panic in the warmths of many. No more would English citizens stand dupe to opusal obstructions. It is fair to conclude that James IIs short reign was tatterdemalion with tyrannical despotism. This marks a critical flaw in pre-revolutionary English government. The appointment of a monarch who, according to Thomas Cartwright, answers only to God is a recipe for corruption. Though, it is not absurd that a monarchs reign could be benign and beneficial for a nation, James II, by Pincus account, seems to be the chromatic of a corrupt absolutist. It is important to understand that the revolution of 1688-89 was a carrefour of necessity. The trends that followed the monarchial system were counterproductive. Forward, in that location emerges besides another motif regarding the sentiment towards James rule. This motif highlights the common opinion regarding necessity to govern with national interests at the fore bearing of all else. Interestingly enough this was causa for unity amongst all classes. Though J ames regime was marred with obstructions on mans sacred rights, he was able to unify England under a common cause. Unfortunately for James, it was not in his best interest.The fundamental benefit from any unfortunate pass is the knowledge gained to prevent its future occurrence. Pincus is very convincing in his digest of James IIs reign as a harsh despot. Though on the same token, his account of the buildup to the Glorious Revolution accounts for the developing sentiments amongst English citizens throughout James reign. Richard Price, in A Celebration of the Revolution of 1688-1689, discusses the function of well-bred government as an institution of human prudence for guarding our persons, our property, and our good come upon against invasion Obedience, therefore, to the laws and to magistrates, is a necessary expression of our regard to the community (50). He goes on to discuss three principles on which the revolution was founded First, the right to self-sufficiency of consci ence in religious matters. Secondly, the right to resist power when twist aroundd. And, thirdly, the right to choose our own governors to cashier them for misconduct and to frame a government for ourselves (50). Like in the post revolutionary writings by John Locke, Price divulges on the function of government as an institution to helper the masses. Furthermore, Price discusses when political reformation is necessary. By his word, obstruction of these sentiments accounts for upheaval of those in charge. We see the recurrence of the motif highlighting the significance of public interest in governmental procedure. However, the most significant premises he highlights are the principles that define the sacred right of mankind. These define the precedent by which revolution is legitimate. With this in mind, the birth of James IIs heir seemed to be a one of several unifying factors in ousting James II. This final straw facilitated action throughout England as highlighted by the Invitat ion of the Seven to the Prince of Orange.Understanding the significance of the childs birth, Seven Whig and Tory noblemen pleaded to the Dutch prince William, and his wife Mary (the Protestant daughter of James) to come to England and seize control of the pennant. They suggested this on the premise that William would have practically exclusive support from the gentry and nobles your Highness may be assured there are nineteen parts of twenty of the people throughout the commonwealth who are desirous of a change, and who we believe would willingly contribute (38). This text file is incredibly significant in that it demonstrates the English sentiment towards James IIs absolutist/Catholic rule. In a united effort these noblemen took the opening night to plug Englands political situation with the help of Prince William. Yet, the risks they took to even write this letter were extreme. Had they been caught by James II, they most certainly would be liable for treason. Yet until now the desperation these men faced was fuel enough for them to take this risk. The people are so generally dissatisfied with the present conduct of the government in relation to their religion, liberties, and properties (all of which have been greatly invaded), and they are in such expectations of their prospects being daily worse (38). It is important to note two inferences from this letter. First, that the 7 men were Whigs and Tories. This indicates that the general consensus, even with the Tories, was to strip James of his power. And second this letter highlights the developing shift of power from absolute monarchy to control monarchy. Yet, a way of life to force a monarch to follow the laws of man was still a necessity. Growing sentiment against James II inspired many to headland the efficiency of absolutism as evidenced by the letter from the noblemen. Socrates one time said Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. In this movement it is understandable tha t the English citizens had more than they could tolerate when it came to monarchial corruption. Undoubtedly, with this in mind, political reformation was imminent.. It is crucial to note, that the shift in power that eventually took place was not the result of many violent struggles. Rather it was a united front fueled by the fervor of the English citizens to reassert dominion over their nation. Based on these accounts it is understandable that the English people were taking initiative to establish a legitimate representative order. Though the reasons for the Glorious Revolution were socio-political and religious, the true temperament of the revolution undoubtedly revolved around politics. later on all, the reassertion of power by William III was the key factor in facilitating any progress. William IIIs arrival marked the fall of James regime. The revolution was dubbed Glorious on the footing that relatively little blood was shed in the transfer of power. Francis Barrington and B enjamin Steeles A Letter Describing the Revolution to Thomas Goodwin and Kinnard Delabere is an account of the astounding nature of this revolution. neer anything happened with so many amazing passel as this hath done the bonding of the spirits of people so universally one way, nay even the minds of persons whose long differing with each other be reconciled and all without the loss of 50 men on all sides makes it the most astonishing alteration that ever yet befell any one part of the universe (45). The general sentiment against James II was grounds to unify England in an effort to oust his corrupt regime. This, among all else, seems to be most accountable for the bloodless nature of the revolution. England was united under William IIIs reign and as Price recalled the rights of the people were asserted, a tyrant expelled, and a sovereign of our own choice appointed in his room. On most accounts, England was victorious. However, frequently work still needed to be done.William II Is dominion denotes a period of reform as highlighted by the shift from absolute monarchy to a limited monarchy. Pincus notes how historians understand the revolution as an event that restored Englands ancient polity and Englands Protestant religion. Englands revolution was restorative not innovative, conservative not radical yet this is very debatable (6). The question at hand is whether the values and policies select after the revolution were indigenous ones or imposed from outside. Essentially this fate of history represents a hybrid return to the fundamentals of old English Government with advancements concurrent to the times. Though reform was developed on the basis of the wants and needs of the English people, their monarch was from the Netherlands, one of the most tolerant nations of the time. How could there not be strange influences on policy based on this premise? As Pincus states This was not the same England from Charles Is regime. On this principle it is recognisable that a large shift in the status quo between the monarchy, parliament, and society had occurred. According to Pincus England had new rulers who, it appeared were placed on the throne by the will of the English people (3). Essentially the revolution represented the victory of parliament over a king moreover a victory for the people. In personnel the development of several policies limited the nature of princely authority (3). Yet the essence of the Revolution lay in the Declaration of Rights and the eyeshade of Rights(3). These documents defined the relationship between the monarch and subjects. Not only did it rampart any future Catholic succession to the throne, but it declared the royal legislative and executive powers illegal, and furthermore forbade the jacket crown from levying taxation or maintaining a standing army in peacetime without parliamentary consent. These provisions were offered and accepted by William and Mary. These declarations from the two houses of fantan outline the extralegal policies of James II and taboo future kings and queens from repeating the transgressions. It is significant to state that these declarations were not claiming to make new laws, but declaring old laws. In effect we see a milestone in English history and an essential shift in power from the monarch to fantan. From here on the ascendancy of Parliament was never successfully contended. It is safe to assume that based on this argument, the establishment of Parliament as the supreme power was indeed the catalyst that helped spurn much growth in many spectrums including religion, economics, and social development.It is necessary to compare the assorted modes of thought that originate from before and after the Glorious Revolution. Thomas Cartwrights A Defense of James IIs View of the Constitution provides a defense for the rights of the crown during the reign of James II. In James justification, Cartwright gives an account by which the crown may rule. As a high chu rchmen, Cartwright discusses how the king, without question, may follow any religion and pass any decree on the sole premise that they wear the crown, for the king answers to no one but God. without catechizing him for be his heart inclinable to any religion, or none, it leaves him no rival none but the great God, can over-rule him (72). Yet, ultimately, he fuels his argument on the premise of the kings absolute power. the mightiness was the number 1, and must be the last judge too for if the people be judge, he is no monarch at all and so leave of absence all government. Cartwrights analysis is developed from a biased perspective. As a high churchman he maintains the traditional definitions of authority. Essentially high churchmen were super intolerant, and they believed that people had no right to challenge the right of the monarchial authority. Just as the essence of the revolution is characterized by the words of the Bill of Rights, the essence of James reign is epitomized in Cartwrights analysis. He blatantly states how the kings decisions outweigh the desires and preferences of not only Parliament but the people of England as a whole. Based on Cartwrights perception of the crown, one can understand the extent to which James agree based on his treacherous regime. In analyzing William IIIs Declaration it is understandable why the people favored his rule, even prior to the ratification of the Bill of Rights. It is twain certain and evident to all men that the public peace and felicity of any state or kingdom cannot be preserved where the laws, liberties and custom established, by the lawful authority in it, are openly transgressed and annulled (39). William was of course speaking of James IIs reign. Furthermore, he declares the necessity of Parliamentary involvement to restitution the situation. The last and great remedy for all those evils is the calling of a Parliament(41). William III was the embodiment of necessity. He fit the profile to fill th e suspension that James would leave. It is important to note once again the peaceful nature of the Glorious Revolution. Had the citizens of England flourished under James rule the circumstances would most emphatically be different, but they werent.This bloodless revolution was at its core a demonstration of the nations desire for reform. Though historians argue that the Glorious Revolution was not in fact a revolution. Edmund Burke in The Significance of the Revolution of 1688-1689 suggests that The Revolution was made to preserve our ancient indisputable laws and liberties, and that ancient constitution of government which is our only security for law and liberty and therefore cannot be distinguished as a revolution. Rather it was a restorative event in that it reestablished the ideals already set forth by the English constitution. Though this argument is vaild, it is flawed in the sense that the Glorious Revolution brought nearly reforms that grounded Parliament as the primary authority. This in effect brings about the crisscross theory in that the events that occurred from 1688-1689 recalibrated English politics as a whole. The major distinguishing factor, as Colley Cibber notes, is that these rights were given substance. Legal guarantees meant little if the king was able to cut the law. A theory of limited monarchy did not constrain the king if he was not obliged in practice as well as in theory to convene Parliament (17, 49). The major distinguishing factor, as Pincus argues, are three revolutionary changes that had the combined effect of compelling English kings to be limited monarchs the radical reorientation of English foreign policy, the English political economy, and the Church of England. These revolutionary changes are what distinguish the Revolution of 1688-1689 as the first modern revolution (17). The key point here being that there indeed was a revolution. It is arguable that from the seditious nature of James rule that the English people would never let such occurrences happen again. muniment would not repeat itself.The function of government is to protect the rights of those governed. Furthermore it is up to those in control to respect the wants and needs of citizens. James IIs rule was marred with tyranny on the premise of divine countenance. The socio-political discourse of the time suggests that there were no checks on the sovereign authority of James II. In effect there was blatant dissonance between the desires of citizens and that of the king. The Glorious Revolution was a revolution from a political standpoint in that there was a direct shift in power from monarchial absolutism to Parliamentary dominion. In conducting his absolutist regime James II was able to unify a nation. Unfortunately for him, he was the force they aimed to relinquish. Though historians like Edmund Burke argue that there was really no revolution, never before had England reached such an legal societal stratification. That is, the stat us quo was in favor of Parliament, and no longer could monarchs abuse the power they were entrusted by God. Pincus account of the Glorious Revolution as a political revolution is accurate in that there were extreme adjustments in more than just constitutional policies. Though post -revolutionary England was revolutionized on the fronts of foreign policy, economics, and religion the major reform that facilitated these events stemmed from the reassertion of political dominance. in the long run the English state was radically altered for the better, but it is essential to note the means by which this occurred. That is, by the will of the English citizens. In a united effort they eliminated the constraints of absolutism, and achieved revolution by their own terms. The term Glorious is perfect in that it exemplifies the state of things following the events of the revolution.

Benefits of Learning Through Play

Benefits of Learning Through dawdle vivify is a very cardinal part of a pip-squeaks wearment, and merchant ship affect their development in a number of ways, there is a collection of principles that were formed to look at the value of manoeuvre in nurturing a barbarians development, this is called the period of find Cycle. It consists of the following stages .Metalude-This is when a chela chooses the activity or coquette that the want to tactical maneuver with. draw Cue-This is an expression or a physical action which a boor might do to show former(a)(a) nipperren that they would homogeneous them to come oer and be involved. For suit, a child whitethorn founder a toy car and pretend to mimic a crash sound to the other child which would accordingly tempt them to involve themselves in the car game.Play return This is when a child or adult has accepted the asking to gaming and hence asks the decision to whether they want to involve themselves or not.Play Flow-this is when a child gets very involved in a assign or activity, this usually starts from the function cue.Annihilation-This Is where a child makes the decision to step down what activity or play they be doing, reasons being boredom from repeat or if the game has ended.Play can affect all aspects of a child s development, below I put up listed the diverse areas. animal(prenominal) development Physical development by play for young children involves play which enhance gross and fine motor skills, for manikin threading string through footling holes requires concentration and fine motor skills. Activities involving running, jumping, riding a cycle requires gross motor skills. These are really beneficial for a child and take away to be pull aheadd from a young age as they will be needed for them to take part in activities such(prenominal) as sports day. Children should in addition be progressd to realise the importance of salubrious eating alongside physical exercise.Emotional development-Play which involves emotional development is extremely key for young children and needs to be incorporated during school activities. This emblem of play is beneficial to all children of all ages but also helps encourage children who find it hard to express there emotions, a way in which this can be used for example children can use dolls or teddies to play out a situation, dress up and role play can be used also. This is good to material body ego look upon and self confidence to then assist in other incidents in school.Intellectual development- This sheath of play doesnt necessarily mean that a child has to put pen to paper, m each play activities can be original and fun that will benefit a child intellectually, for example a group of children could be doing junk modelling and they would then demonstrate which materials would fount each part of the model and what colour paints to use to then teammate up to the rest of the groups designs.Social development-Pl ay is critical to make sure that children develop good social skills with there class friends, teachers and other adults. This is a lifespan skill that needs to be encouraged from an early age to then get them ready for life in a school environment. Activities that can help build up childs social skills can involve for example a group of year 2 children having a classroom intervention about who is in there family, the other children can then discuss differences and similaritys, for example child A may say I have a brother child B may respond I dont have a brother I have two sisters manifestly this type of discussion needs to be approached in a mass medium manner as any(prenominal) children have different family set-ups for example child a may not have a dad like child b which could then spark off a different conversation.Creating play positions is paramount to a childs education and development. These play spaces will permit children explore all sides of there development. R esearch was made in 2008 by OFSTED to look into learning inside and outside the classroom. This investigation found that when plotted and implemented well, learning outside the classroom contributed significantly to raising standards and astir(p) pupils personal, social and emotional development.Taken from http//www.ofsted.gov.uk/resources/learning-outside-classroomWhen creating a play space within a school setting it is master(prenominal) to first launch a small discussion with the children to find out what they would and wouldnt like in a play space, letting the children get involved in endning and creating a play space will emphasise there interest, and also develop self confidence, this can be d sensation by acquire the children to draw uncomplicated plans on how they would like it overly look, what items they would like to let in and colours. in addition getting the children to make a visual model of how they would like it look by using junk materials, shoe boxes,plastic bottles, cereal boxes etc. After the children have constructed there plans the teaching staff could let each child voting for which iodine they like and then the winning child(ren) could be taken to some other play spaces in different schools.its important to involve children in the group discussion of creating a play space to encourage self confidence and self esteem, it also teaches them that by taking charge of a project that there is hard work involved which will then show them that they need to respect all the play equipment. It is important to come across that all children are involved in the consultation process, irrespective of age,gender, ethnicity and impairment. Also making sure the play equipment is suitable for any children with physical disabilities.Its important that being a teaching assistant you permit all play seances, there are two main forms which areStructure kneadStructural support is to make sure that the classroom is set up appropriately for children to carry out play safely. To assure this, messy, noisy and settle down play needs to be separate. Each child needs to neck that help is available in each play area.Play spaces need to be set up to be appealing to the eye to encourage children to take part, some children need this encouragement for something to stand out as they find it hard to choose between different play activities. darling organisation is also key to assure a steady come down to each play activity, the teaching assistant will need to make the room layout is set out appropriately for the children involved at the prison term and any specific needs,Process support is what the teaching assistant may have to give to pupils when they are involved in a play activity. Teaching assistants need to ensure all play activities consist of the refine materials as this will enable the pupils to engage in the tasks in present and learn to become proactive in there approach when learning. in that respect may be children in th e class that need extra support with activities due to certain disabilities or conditions, for example there may be a child with adhd who needs one to one fundamental interaction with certain activities and encouragement to get involved in the play space. It is important to make sure as a teaching assistant you do not take over the play activity and just assist, for example if a child is struggling to use a ruler to do a straight line the teaching assistant shouldnt do it for them quite get a ruler yourself and show the child on a separate piece of paper how to hold it etc, this will then build the childs confidence and they will feel like they have achieved something new that they couldnt do before and learnt a new skill.Various legislations need to be followed when creating a play space. This is to make sure all children are safe and defend when using play equipment, it is paramount that these are always adhered too as the childrens arctic is vital. The Disability Discriminatio n Act 1995 is put in to bit to ensure all children have admittance to the same equipment, services etc as to those children without a disability When designing play space for children it is important to plan for children with disabilities, there advisability shouldnt be made obvious, facilities should be included that can get under ones skin children in more ways than one for example if a child has a physical disability other activities should be arranged so they are able to use there other senses, such as a texture table where they can touch items and guess what they are. If a play space is already arranged, it is important that these are equipped befittingly for a child with a disability, for example if a child is wind chair user there needs to be adequate space for them to manoeuvre around but also to think of the needs of the other children without a disability. Its important to make every child feel determine and equal within the setting. This also goes for outdoor play sp aces.According to wicksteed playscapesRoSPAs result playgrounds for children with special needs statesLike or similar play experiences should be available to all site usersi.e. If there are slides,rockers and roundabouts in a play area, then all users should be able to have sliding, rocking and rotating experiences, sluice if some users cannot access all play items or features.Author-wicksteed playscapeshttp//www.wicksteed.co.uk/legislation.htmlpage 2 guess assessments are vital when a play space has been created. Risk is hard to foresee but Play England have described it by statingProviders need to decide for themselves what level of risk is appropriate in their provision, because the type and style of provision must be responsive to local circumstances. This is one reason why industry standards,which dont necessarily have a one size fits all format,need to be interpreted within the local context. This enables providers to include equipment or play opport building blockies that some more anxious parents might target to. However, simply reflecting the concerns of the most anxious parents, and altering playground design in an attempt to remove as much risk and challenge as possible, prevents providers from offering important benefits to the vast majority of children and young people. It may also lead more adventurous children to seek physical challenges in other, slight well-managed environments, which others settle for sedentary activitiesAuthors-S.Lester,Dr O.Jones,W.Russellurl-www.wiltshire.gov.uk/supporting-school-improvement-through-play.pdfAnother two legislations that needs to be adhered too is utter belowOccupiers liability Act 1957 and 1984An occupier of premises owes the same duty, the common duty of care, to all his visitors,except in so farthermost as he is free to and does extend,restrict,modify or exclude his duty to any visitor or visitors by agreement or otherwiseUrl-www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/5-6/31/section/2EN1176 Playground Equ ipment StandardThe royal Society for the stripe of Accidents (RoSPA) shows information on base hit for play ground equipment, there are seven different areas covered in the legislation which are stated belowSafety in generalDifferent test and safety requirements for swingsSlide safety requirementsRunaway safety and test methodsRoundabout safety and test methodsRocking equipment safety and test methodsInstallation,maintenance,inspection and operationEverything described in this unit concentrates on how play can affect a childs development, physically, emotionally,intellectually and socially and that it is vital for children to have the creation of play spaces. This unit also describes how sometimes a teaching assistant needs to intervene during a play session to establish smooth flow of play and to be aware.

Grays Behavioral Activation System Psychology Essay

fair-haired(a)s Behavioral Activation organization Psychology shewGray proposed that personality is rooted from dickens neuropsychological systems that rig port and emotions. One of the two systems is the behavioural activating system (BAS), which functions on the ideal of positive reinforcement. Previous research has indicated that the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways atomic number 18 responsible for the activation of BAS and sensibility to the construct produces heightened wages from positive reinforcement. As such, prior studies bring in present similar correlations mingled with postgraduate BAS esthesia and unkept P300 amplitude as a precursor for psychopathological disorders, cod to punish dependency. The present content apply the carver White (1994) questionnaire to obtain the BIS/BAS scales of 9 healthy, opening psychology students. The core-related potential was an snowflake figure of speech of high(prenominal) relative frequency, pitiful fr equency and romance tones and P300 averages were extracted from an EEG. The pathetic and high BAS rafts both produced similar amplitudes, still the low piles produced a shorter latency. The results indicate inconsistency and emphasize the need for merely scientific research to expand on supposed constructs, such as personality.IntroductionHistorically, the construct of personality was developed based upon philosophical principles that desire to explain the human psyche. As the theories of personality have become a major part of mainstream psychology today, the biopsychological components of personality have evolved into an innovative subject bea of scientific research. Gray (1987) argued that personality is influenced by the two promontory systems that control style and emotions. A component of this theory, the behavioural activation system, is portrayed as a personality construct with a neurological foundation. A neuropsychological range is crucial in the deconstructio n of theoretical hypotheses to influence the elaborateness and diligence of knowledge regarding human behavior. The use of electroencephalograms with event-related potentials and personality questionnaires regarding the behavioral activation system emphasize the importance for exploring theoretical constructs with scientific research.Based on research from animal learning paradigms, Grays (1993) personality theory asserts the idea that soul differences in personality traits mirror the variability in sensitivity towards stimuli associate with disallow and positive reinforcement (Franken et al., 2006). The behavioral activation system is a neurological reward mechanism that is initiated by positive reinforcement. It mediates responses to orients of conditioned reward, non-punishment, flight of stairs from punishment and the activation influences progression toward goals (Harmon-Jones Allen, 1997). The opposite emotional system is the behavioral inhibition system which is act ivated by conditioned stimuli associated with punishment or the termination of reward (Franken et al., 2006). That being said, the behavioral activation and inhibition systems are extremes of a continuum in which ones behavior is likely to be reinforced positively or negatively, depending on which part of the continuum they score.The behavioral activation system (BAS) is connected to positive feelings and go on behaviors when experiencing a reward (Gable et al., 2000). For example, an individual with high BAS sensitivity would seek out familiar type sites where they experienced positive reinforcement, or search for similar situations where they have a chance of being positively reinforced. Positive reinforcement is how people thrive in the world. From an evolutionary perspective, to go out and hunt for food when experiencing hunger, find food and bring it groundwork to eat and share with family members so they can survive is an example of everyday positive reinforcement. The a ccount difference between a typical situation and a situation in regards to an individual with high BAS sensitivity would be that the positive reinforcement would be differentially reinforced much so in comparison to conventional reinforcement (Franken et al., 2006).Grays (1993) theory of personality suggests that those with high behavioral activation sensitivity are predisposed to psychopathological disorders cod to their perceived response from positive, differential reinforcement (Franken et al., 2006). That being said, impulsivity is a key characteristic of high BAS sensitivity and is a major variable in the susceptibility of risky behavior. Other correlations to high sensitivity are high psychoticism, neuroticism and extraversion, which demonstrates that high BAS sensitivity, could act as a precursor for sin among the population (Jorm et al., 1999).Neuroscience is beginning to identify well-set relationships between BAS sensitivity and approach behaviors such as conduct dis order, alcoholic beverageism, shopping centre abuse and psychopathy. According to Gray (1993), the biological basis of BAS is associated with mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways ascending from nucleus A10 of the ventral tegmentum of the humourstem (Matthews Gilliland, 1999). late studies involving substance use indicate the similarity between dopamine bring on in the nucleus accumbens and the emotional high observed in alcohol and drug users. Thus, implying that BAS sensitivity and is related to addictive behaviors and substance abusers have an increase responsiveness to stimuli associated with rewards (Franken et al., 2006).Sutton and Davidson (1997) claim that throughout various clinical and laboratory observations, the go away prefrontal cortex is a biological substrate of approach behavior and positive affect whereas the right prefrontal cortex exhibits the opposite behaviors, rarefied the locality of the behavioral inhibition system. When damaged, the left prefrontal cortex influences depressive symptomatology due to the inhibition of approach behaviors (Sutton Davidson, 1997).More specifically, the reward signal begins with increased dopamine cellular action at law in the ventral tegmental area, which labels environmental stimuli with appetitive set and appears to signal motivating events (Kalivas Nakamura, 1999). The glutamatergic input from the amygdala and afferents cue behavior if the stimulant drug is a conditioned reward. The nucleus accumbens and afferents to the nucleus accumbens serve distinct functions involving motivational circuitry, which would reinforce the behavior. The major neurotransmitters relate in the motivational circuitry are GABA, glutamate and dopamine, however encephalin, serotonin and acetylcholine are too present. Finally, afferents from the prefrontal cortex integrate reading from short-term memory into a behavioral response (Kalivas Nakamura, 1999).To explore theories of front research regarding brain localiza tion and processes of BAS, a method of measuring cortical activation could be initiated, such as an event-related potential with an electroencephalogram (EEG). Event-related potentials (ERPs) are a non-invasive method of measuring brain activity during cognitive process (Johnson et al., 1987). ERPs are linked in time with a physical or mental event and are extracted from an EEG by means of signal averaging (Duncan et al., 2009). The transient electric potential shifts are time-locked to the arousal onset such as the presentation of a word, sound, or image. Each component reflects brain activation associated with one or more neurological operations. In bank line to behavioral measures, such as error rates and response times, ERPs are characterized by simultaneous multi-dimensional online measures of negative or positive polarity, amplitude, latency, sell statistical distribution and its relation to experimental variables (Duncan et al., 2009). Thus, ERPs are beneficial and can be used to differentiate and aid in the identification of psychological and neural sub-processes involved in complex cognitive, motor or perceptual tasks (Nijs et al. 2007). An electroencephalogram (EEG) incisively measures these shifts in polarity with a distribution of electrodes placed on the players scalp (Duncan et al., 2009).The most analyzed component of the event-related potentials is at the p300 wave. Peaking as early as 250ms or as late as 900ms, the p300 is emitted by the brain when the participant recognizes and processes and incoming stimulus (Coles Rugg, 1995). It is usually elicited using the chip paradigm in which low-probability target items are mixed with high-probability non-target items. The latency between stimulus and response is the stimulus evaluation time and is controlled by the pace in which the subject can place the stimulus into the correct category and suffice (Coles Rugg, 1995). The amplitude of the p300 depends on the probability of the target stimu lus, and in an oddball paradigm, the rarer the event the larger the amplitude willing be of the p300 (Coles Rugg, 1995). The amount of selective information refined similarly influences the amplitude suggesting that the p300 reflects a process in which the incoming information modifies and updates the current model of the environment (Coles Rugg, 1995).The p300 is divided into two components the P3a and the P3b. The P3a is elicited everyplace the frontal regions of the scalp and is represented as a positive component. The P3a occurs when a third novel stimulus is incorporated into the simple oddball bodily structure and has a shorter latency than the p300 (Johnson et al., 1987). The P3b is thusly defined as the classical p300, which is distributed oer the centro-parietal area.The behavioral activation system has three subscale components reward-responsiveness, fun seeking and drive. The reward system and brain structures hypothesized in previous studies provide a strong argu ment in regards to BAS. Increased levels of dopamine and high BAS scores should be importantly correlated, as the function of dopamine involves increasing the readiness to exhibit new experiences. As such, it should also be appreciated that norepinephrine was not included as a key player in the neurotransmitters involving the reward system. One would assume that dopamine and norepinephrine would go hand in hand in regards to reward, as norepinephrine is the major neurotransmitter involved in motivation (Franken et al., 2006).A show by Nijs et al. (2007) was conducted on 50 healthy, handsome individuals using the ships boat and White (1994) questionnaire and a visual oddball paradigm with averaging from an EEG. Previous studies incorporating BAS scores and extracting ERP averages from an EEG were unknown to Nijs et al. (2007), however they predicted a negative correlation between BAS scores and the p300 amplitude for their study. They did address the reoccurring theme in previous research of a low p300 amplitude and impulsivity, psychopathy and substance use disorders. The results of the study demonstrated significant positive correlations were found between BAS and p300 amplitude (Nijs et al., 2007). Therefore, the hypothesis for this study is that those with high BAS sensitivity scores will produce large p300 amplitude to the rare stimulus, because of the P3bs indication of low activity in those with psychiatric disorders.MethodsSampleParticipants for the study were recruited from introductory to psychology classes. They were disposed the option of writing a paper or volunteering for a study involving personality in the research lab and receiving credit compensation. Those who volunteered for the study were conscious that if they were on medication or had medical conditions that conflicted with EEG results, then they would be discharged. This research study initially began with a total of twelve introductory to psychology students however, adequate data was only retrieved from nine participants.InstrumentsAn online version of the Carver and White (1994) Behavioral Inhibition System and Behavioral Activation System Questionnaire was completed by each participant prior to the study. This questionnaire is the latest BAS/BIS updated cadence questionnaire involving the three subscales of BAS (reward responsiveness, drive and fun seeking). Upon arrival, a medical form was change out to give an indication of health status and a coincide form was distributed and signed. A type of oddball paradigm was utilized and an electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded and averaged the corresponding event-related potentials.ProcedureAfter receiving the completed questionnaires, the total scores were then calculated. Those students participating in the study were given an outline of the regulations and procedures of the experiment. Upon entering the research laboratory, the medical and consent forms were filled out before commencing the study. Participan ts were then connected to the EEG using the Jasper 10-20 placement, which particularly involves the electrodes Fz, Cz, Pz and reference electrodes behind the ears. Electrodes were also placed under the right eye and the ground electrode on the frontal bone to identify muscle activity that might be confused with brain activity. The student was then directed into an isolated room where they received headphones and were presented with the oddball paradigm. In random sequence a rare low frequency tone, high frequency tone and a novel tone were administered. The participants were do aware that when the target low frequency tone was presented they needed to respond by clicking a button. Once all stimuli were executed, participants were disconnected from the EEG instruments and the data obtained was explained. Any questions the participants had were answered and credit compensation was then provided.ResultsThose who scored high in behavioral activation system on the Carver and White (199 4) questionnaire showed minuscule P300 amplitude. P300 amplitude also highlighted a positive correlation in regards to the rare stimulus as BAS scores increased, P3b amplitude increased. The high BAS scores produced a womb-to-tomb latency on the P300, in comparison to the low BAS scores.Those who scored low in behavioral activation system had similar P300 amplitudes indicating a non-significant result among averages of the two groups. Those who scored low in BAS also exhibited a significantly shorter latency, meaning they were faster to respond and categorize the incoming stimuli.Table 1. P3 amplitude and latency scores for high and low scores on BAS personality trait.Figure 1. bonnie of high and low BAS scores extracted from Pz component of EEG electrode using oddball paradigm ERP.kathleen curtis Graph averages P3 High and low.jpgDiscussionThe present study hypothesized that higher BAS scores would produce large P300 amplitude. The results showed inconsistency, as there is not a significant difference among those who scored high and low on the behavioral activation system scale in this study. The amplitudes at Fz, Cz and Pz were all relatively small and similar among low and high BAS scores. The significant data found in the results was the latency differences between high and low scores. Each electrode produced a significantly different result with the lower scores having shorter latencies. Those who scored higher on the Carver White (1994) BAS questionnaire respond slower to the evaluation of stimuli than those who scored lower.As both low and high scores generated similar amplitudes, generalizing previous studies of high BAS sensitivity and low P300 amplitude should be cautioned. The sample size of this study was small thereof further research should increase this to obtain a more vocalism sample. The age of participants is also a factor that should be taken into experimental condition for this study, as alterations in behavioral activation and inh ibition scores have been known to occur with time. The gender of the participants is a variable that should be recognised for future research as personality and gender could be interrelated. Also, the accuracy of the participants performance on the online questionnaires is a limitation for consideration and the stimuli may also not represent a true portrait of the construct.Both theoretical and neuropsychological explanations contribute the greatest understanding of constructs in psychology, such as personality. This is evident among the research conducted that involves the behavioral activation system. These advancements allow for the expansion and application of such knowledge to situations that have the potential to better society. For example, awareness of the behavioral activation and inhibition systems could aid the education systems to develop curriculum that is more suitable to the individual. Also, more intensive BIS/BAS measurements could potentially identify children/you th at risk and induce the early on set of proactive measures. It is unadorned the possibilities are endless when the latest technology brings together science and theory.

Democracy in Athens | Essay

Democracy in Athens quizWhere did the real big business humans lie in Athens radical land?Fifth-century, Athenian democracy has often served as a paradigm for participatory radicalism from the French and American Revolutions to contemporary Anarchist Thought. And yet, the historical reality of the Athenian constitution may pay been very different to what modern ideologues have envisaged. Was Athenian democracy truly a rule by the more, as the classical word suggests? Or did the upper classes maintain their reaching over real power down to the 4th century? This sincere tension is exemplified in two contrasting passages in Thucydides narrative. In the questionable Funeral Oration, Thucydides has his Pericles proudly declare that our constitution is called a democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the unharmed multitude1 but a few chapters later Thucydides will release this statement on its head by claiming that in what was nominally a democracy po wer was really in the hands of peerless man Pericles himself2. This essay will argue that although real power did indeed lay with the demos, in practice a special position was reserved for rich citizens who would dominate the assembly as orators.Democracy frontmost emerged in the demise of the 6th century as a reaction to stasis or civic strife3. The Cleisthenic re diversitys of 508-7 BC resulted in an i male childomic constitution, founded on ten advanced tribes and the reorganization of Attica in demes, while the assembly, archons, Council of Areopagus and Heliaea still functi oned as they had done under Solon and Peisistratus. The new council of 500, based on the 10 tribes, was now gradually replacing the downhearted institution of the Areopagus, while the extensive use of lot in selecting the officials, emphasise the equality of all citizens, who now enjoyed equal political rights in the preference of officials whether at the deme take (demarche), the tribal level (ge neral) or the state level (archons and councillors). Democratic reforms continued end-to-end the fifth century. In 501/0 the greatness of the archonships was greatly reduced by the introduction of the ten strategoi (generals). By 487 archons were selected by lot, while in 462 the parliamentary leader Ephialtes was assassinated for his involvement in further weakening the jurisdiction of the Areopagus4. Soon after, Pericles will introduce political pay of jurors and other officials while even the chief archonships were now capable to smallholders and -at least in theory- to the thetes. In post-Periclean Athens, a new generation of slopped non-aristocrats like Cleon, Hyperbolus and Androcles dominated the Athenian political scene as champions of the people and promoted further the interests of the Athenian masses.The Athenian constitution of the middle and late 5th century was therefore a genuinely popular constitution, a form of government that was primarily concerned with impro ving the welfare of the citizen mass. The Athenian demos was authorise with direct pick out in the Assembly and the popular jury-courts, by rhytidectomy hands, drawing ballots, or inscribing on ostraca. They enjoyed political liberty, freedom of speech and equality in the first place the law. The people quite a than the Areopagus- were directly responsible for the examinationof ones conduct while in office5. With respect to foreign policy, democratic Athens embarked on a staunched imperialistic policy which entailed significant benefits for the citizen mass. Measures such(prenominal) as state pay for jurors, Assembly members and sailors, the cleruchies, the liturgies and the eisphorae imposed on the rich, were equal to an indirect form of redistribution of state funds to the lower classes.Yet in practice the Athenian democracy retained a hint of elitism throughout its long history. Politicians -democrats and oligarchs alike- were always members of the upper classes of Athenian society. Cleisthenes, Alcibiades and Pericles himself were all members of the Alcmeonid family, one of the oldest and most illustrious gene of Attica. And even new men like Cleon and Hyperbolus or even Demosthenes were wealthy enough to afford the appropriate rhetorical genteelness provided by the sophists. While the wider demos would exercise its political power by voting for or against the issue at stake, it was always men from the propertied classes that would retch forth a proposal or move a decree. As a consequence Athenian politics tended to be personal rather than ideological, revolving around personal charisma and rhetorical skills rather than party organization6. This explains the normal view expressed by conservatives such as Thucydides, Aristophanes and Plato that the demos was always be led by the rhetores led wisely under Pericles, and led wide by his lesser successors7.While acknowledging the special role played by these wealthy Athenians vis--vis the citizen mass one should dismiss the oligarchic view of the Athenian demos as a nave, passive spectator of the rhetorical skills of its leading as an exaggeration. Athenian Assemblies were proverbially harsh in holding their leading responsible for failures. One should think of the aftermath of Arginusai in 406 BC and the slew of Thucydides himself8. Even Pericles own political career was far from rosy. As one reads through Plutarchs lifetime of Pericles the Thucydidean concept of Athens as fundamentally the rule by one man capturems less and less plausible. Pericles, his wife and his protgs, Pheidias and Anaxagoras, were repeatedly -and often successfully- prosecuted by political opponents like Thucydides son of Melesias9 his sons were never granted an Athenian citizenship despite his passionate plea before the Assembly and a fine was imposed on him when the invading Spartans pillage most other country estates but not his10. Unfair as these measures may sound, they demonstrate that even the Olympian was susceptible to the fierce denunciation of the Ecclesia. The Athenian demos was not only one of the most powerful citizen bodies in the Greek world it was also the most experienced and demanding when it came to judging personalities, go up concepts, law cases, policy recommendations or even theatrical plays. Politicians could come and go but the Athenians knew that the final word would always rest with the demos.BIBLIOGRAPHYHornblower, S. (2002) The Greek universe of discourse 479-323 BC, New York Routledge.Meiggs, R. (1999) The Athenian Empire, Oxford Oxford University Press. D. Lewis ed.(1988) A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions, Oxford Clarendon Press.Wilcken, U. (1962) Griechshe Geschichte im Rahmen der Altertumsgeschichte, Mnchen.Plutarch, Life of Kimon, Bernadotte Perrin trans for sale in the Perseus Digital Library, at http//www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/p school text?doc=Perseustext1999.01.0182text=Cim.chapter=1section=1 accessed on 15.03.2006.P lutarch, Life of Pericles, Bernadotte Perrin trans available in the Perseus Digital Library, at http//www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseustext1999.01.0182text=Per.chapter=1section=1, accessed on 15.03.2006.(Pseudo-)Aristotle, The Athenian Constitution, G. Kenyon trans, available in the Perseus Digital Library, at http//www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0046query=head%3D%2316, accessed on 15.03.2006.Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, original and translation in G. P. Goold ed, Loeb upright Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 1998.1Footnotes1 Thucydides, II. 432 ibid., II. 65.3 For the relation between stasis and democratic reforms see Pseudo-Aristotle, 20.1 Cleisthenes, getting the worse of the party struggle, attached the people to his following by proposing to give political power to the masses.4 For the weakening of the Areopagus see Plutarch, Lfe of Kimon, 15 and Aeschelus, Oresteia for dating the intro duction of the lot see Hornblower (200225) and Meiggs Lewis(198889-94) for the first recorded instance of a paid council see Thucydides, VIII, 69.5 All classical words in brackets are taken from Pericles Funeral Oration.6 Hornblower (200225)7 Thucydides, II. 658 ibid. IV, 104-79 Plutarch, Life of Pericles, 3210 Thucydides, II. 65

Concepts In Clinical Outcomes Nursing Essay

Concepts In Clinical Outcomes Nursing EssayAvedis Donabedians specimen presents an across-the-board specimen of the relationship amid variables that contribute to eccentric of safekeeping, health commission be and health status. Donabedians (1988) classical approach to the assessment of the forest of patient trouble inside a hospitalization setting is comprised of three shares, which include structure, play, and outcome. The starting two variables, structure and change, are labeled indirect variables by Dr. Tim Postema, beca wasting disease of their boilers suit signifi croupce and contribution to the third variable, outcome (2005). To better understand Donabedians model, a brief overview of each variable will follow. The structural component is defined by the setting, which includes the attributes of material resources (such as facilities, equipment, and money), of human resources (such as the number and qualifications of personnel), and of organisational structure ( such as medical rung organization, methods of peer review, and methods of reimbursement) (Donabedian, 1988, pg. 1745). Examples of structural component may include but is not limited to the physical works environment itself, staffing mix and balances of patients to nurse, and the organisational glossiness itself (institutional policies). The structural component of the model emphasizes characteristics of nurses involved in each patients rush, accredited characteristics of the patient as hygienic as the organizational structure of the hospital in which the patient care was received (Duffy Hoskins, 2002). The second variable of consideration in Donabedians model (1988) the performance component, which he defines as giving and receiving care (pg. 1745) is the specific intervention or interventions that are applied, which includes patient and supplier participation. Finally, the third component of Donabedians model (1988) for assessing the type of care is the outcome compone nt of the model which is defined as the personal effects of care on the health status of patients and populations ( pg. 1745). Now that the square variables waste been defined, a discussion of their relationship and how they apply to the assessment of patient tincture of care will follow.Donabedians model efforts to explain health care quality in terms of outcomes that are measurable by the interrelationship between the structure, process and opposite attributable variables such as the approach in a patients health status and satisfaction (1988). Donabedians model plays a significant role in the assessment of quality of care from the patients perception and is a high priority in the pay for performance reform that has occurred within the past decade (Wachter, Foster, Dudley, 2008), specifically from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).There is a standoff of evidence to support Donabedians theory relative to the interrelationship between the process component s, such as the care provided, and the outcome of the patients health leading up to their discharge from the hospital (Duffy Hoskins, 2003). Research posits that the three-part approach to the assessment of a patients quality of care is legitimately rooted in the relationship among the variables set out by Donabedian structure, process, and outcome (Duffy Hoskins, 2002). Donabedian proposed that good structure increases the chances of good process, and good process increases the chances of good outcomes (Donabedian, 1988, pg. 1745). Additional look intoers substantiate this further in their research (Duffy Hoskins, 2002 and Postema, 2005). The set aboutings of these researchers substantiated Donabedians exemplar through a variety of methodological approaches, yet were able to find the overarching correlations between factors of structure to produce positive outcome measures among patients. Thus, it can be concluded that utilization of Donabedians approach to the assessment of quality of care among hospitalized patients can assistance in producing higher quality outcome measures, such as the problem facing numerous institutions relative to the number of medicinal drug errors.Donabedians model of structure, process, and outcome will be used to facilitate my endeavors in lessen medicinal drug errors on the Psych-Med Unit (PMU) at St. Marys Health fretfulness System. A detailed discussion of the appropriate variables will follow to provide a more thorough understanding of how the application of this theory will assist in the decreasing the number of medication errorsStructure component flirt with characteristicsThe combination of higher education and years of experience in treat improves health care outcomes, which include decreased medication errors, level peg rates, and reducing mortality rates (Tourangeau et. al., 2006 Blegen, Vaughn Goode, 2001). writings has place studies that confirm that these certain nurse characteristics (higher educa tion and experience) are related to better patient outcomes (Aiken, Clarke, Sloane, Silber, 2003 Tourangeau, Cranley Jeffs, 2006). Tourangeau et. al.s research (2006) found that more years in care for experience has a significant and beneficial effect on patient health specifically on 30-day mortality rates in hospitals. Aiken et. al. (2003) found a statistically significant effect which postulates that with an increase in baccalaureate nurses in staffing which is associated with an increase consciousness of the culture of safeguard, on that point was a decrease in mortality of patients within 30 days of admission. Nursing units with experienced nurses had lower medication error rates (Blegen, Vaughn Goode, 2001).Patient characteristicsPatient characteristics include polypharmacy and multiple diagnoses, including twain medical and psychiatric diagnoses. Comorbid diagnosis are associated with the regard for the patient to memorize more medication to manage symptoms and in turn, increases the risk of drug interactions, say-so side effects and thus, the need for more medications, errors in the boldness of medication, as fountainhead as difficulties with compliance upon discharge from the hospital (World Health Organization, 2011). tally to the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JACHO), polypharmacy can cause an increase risk for falls, hospitalizations and confusion and/or disorientation (2008, pg. 8). Dr. Joseph Parks, a director for all-inclusive psychiatric services for the Missouri Department of Mental Health, commented that, polypharmacy issues within abnormal psychology occur because one provider does not know what the other provider is prescribing and is a significant factor that diminishes the overall patients quality of care base on effectiveness side effects and uncomely interactions (JACHO, 2008, pg. 9). Literature has identified that with multiple physicians prescribing medications for one patient, thithe r is increase in chance for medication errors and thereby, diminishing the patients overall quality of care. (Tamblyn, McLeod, Abrahamowicz Laprise, 1996). This issue is reliant upon patient report, as well as doctor inquiry and thus, the burden falls upon some(prenominal) parties in order to ensure high quality of care.Organization characteristicsThe organizational structure characteristics including staffing ratios, staffing mixes, hospitals policy on medication disposition and the organizational culture itself can influence the outcomes of care (Duffy Hoskins, 2003). Throughout the years numerous studies bind been conducted that show that a higher registered nurse mix was related to lower mortality because that demonstrates the professionalism and integrity of registered nurses (Tourangeau et. al, 2006, pg.5). Studies have shown that an increase in nursing staff providing care resulted in decreased mortality (Tourangeau et. al., 2006), which supports the necessity of higher ratio of registered nurses mix in staffing patterns. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2008), whose mission is to improve health and healthcare for Americans, found that hospitals and health governances across the country have been working to achieve the culture of their organizations to develop supportive work environments that encourage nursing retention and improved quality of patient care. With a keen awareness of culture of golosh often attributed to nursing professionals with higher educational degrees, there is an enhanced awareness that the resort of patients is the purpose priority and is highly valued on an organizational level. Because of the value placed on the culture of safety by health organizations and hospitals each year, staff and other health professionals need to continue to focus on improving their precision and skills utilized darn caring for patients. In doing this, they become not only aware of possible medication errors, but also avenues to implement interventions to eliminate the tendency of potential risk all together (ISMP, 2006).Process componentBar canon seeAs stated previously, process components is the giving and receiving of care (Donabedian, 1988). comparative to the ascribed problem outlined in this paper, the solution that has proven to improve medication organisation and thus decrease medication errors is with hindercode see governing bodys for dosing and medication judicial system (ISMP, 2002). The ISMP (2002) asserts their confidence in the barcode scanning system by encouraging the use of the engineering science in any setting which medications are administered. The Institute of practice of medicine released a report in 2001 that suggested ways to use info engineering science to come through with a safer, more efficient way to keep medication errors and improve healthcare quality with the automation of patient-specific clinical information (pg. 5). Medication administration errors are responsible for one-third of the errors (ISMP, 2002). According to the ISMP a bar coding and scanning system is a promising attempt at the reduction of errors in the stage of medication administration base on the accountability and accuracy of this engine room (2002). At a patients bedside, bar code scanning identifies the patient, lists the medications ordered, checks for allergies or alerts for medication interactions, and electronically signs the patient track record for the nurse (ISMP, 2002).Donabedians Assessment of Patient Quality Care St. Marys Health Care SystemSt. Marys in Grand Rapids already has this bar code scanning system. The issue on the PMU is the work arounds nursing professionals have implemented to receive their medication administration easier. These work arounds are ways nurses can tranquillise administer medications without scanning the medication and/or patients identification band patronage the benefits it provides to the staff, it raises a variety of risks for the p atient and puts them at greater danger for adverse medication reactions, multiple dosing, incorrect dosing, and so forth. There are other issues reported by nurses that make the work arounds essential, such as the all-too-common issues face with the use of technology, that being technological malfunctions, limited availability despite the necessitate for the equipment, and sometimes merely, the time it consumes to find the equipment making the use of such technology more time consuming.As a registered nurse for over tight 30 years, I can see that the bar code system has proven advantageous and significant in the quality of patient care based on the mere assumption that under hospital care, the utmost elite care is to be provided including medication administration. The bar code scanning procedure implementation enables nurses to look at the (medication/dosage) order, when it was last administered , the dosing, as well as if there are any potential medication interactions to be o n the alert for, medication allergies, and whether there are any safety or physical maladies due to missed doses or inaccurate administration (ISMP, 2002). Finally, the technological advances provided for nursing professionals are implemented in order to better account for patient care and safety. The bar code and scanning system is computer-oriented and therefore, supplies a database and record for future use in the event there is any debate about the procedure utilized while hospitalized or even during hospitalization at an alternate hospital.Outcome componentLiterature has identified that there is an alliance between professional nursing care and positive health outcomes (Duffy Hoskins, 2003). Identifying ways to improve the process of medication administration can improve medication errors. Bar code scanning technology offers a productive way to avoid medications errors and increase patient safety (Begliomini, 2012). Measuring medication errors can be courtly using many differ ent processes but with computer analysis of the patients information, measurement becomes much easier and more capable and feasible than error reporting or reviewing charts for purposes of accountability, prevention, and ongoing improvement of both process and clinical practice (Classen Metzger, 2003, pg. 41). In summary, the literature reinforces the head that a decrease in patient medication errors is best accomplished by use of the bar code scanning for medication administration and therefore a responsibility for the nurse.

In the course of the novel four marriages take place. :: Free Essay Writer

In the course of the novel quadruplet marriages take place.In the course of the novel four marriages take place. argue whichone you feel will be the happiest and compargon it with the other treyto justify your choice.You may wish to consider- Key events relevant to these relationships- The language, which Austen uses to personate these characters and relationships and Austens narrative craft.- Societys attitudes towards revel and marriage in Austens period.The four marriages, which I am going to be discussing, are themarriage of Mr Collins to Charlotte Lucas, Lydia bennet and Wickham,Jane and Bingley and finally Elizabeth and Mr Darcy. I will excessivelydiscuss the marriage of Mr and Mrs Bennet, as there is a lot of serious information, which Austen includes about marriage relatingto them.Right from the start marriage is mentioned in an wry and humorousway and hints the events, which are to follow. It is a truthuniversally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a goodfortune, mustiness be in want of a wife. It highlights the importance ofmarriage inwardly the world of the novel. The sentence suggests that thesole purpose for marriage was to increase the characters loving andfinancial ranking. The quote mentions nothing of love yet it provokesthe feeling ghost he minds of the readers that the purpose of marriagewas to merely create security.We see that Mrs Bennet has a consuming passion to find suitablemarriage partners for her daughters. In her opinion the wealthier ayoung man the more an attractive trace he becomes. Jane Austenis keen in this book to point out the dangers of a marriage that isnot based on mutual love and respect.The starting line marriage we witness is the unsatisfactory relationshipbetween Mr and Mrs Bennet. It is their absurd temper clash thatcauses us to look for qualities in their relationship, which couldhelp us commit this was a happy marriage. Unlike other relationshipsin the novel we are able to see the effe cts which time has had ontheir relationship. The main recreation Mr Bennet receives from marriedlife results from teasing his wise and finding delight at herexpense. They are clearly incompatible and we see no signs of love atthis stage. Mrs Bennet is obsessed with marrying off her daughters,while Mr Bennet enjoys discipline and countryside pursuits. However, theyboth seem to draw vague contentment through compromise and smallthings for example when Mr Bennet proclaimed himself adamant not to run into Mr Bingley when his intentions were otherwise. Mr Bennet had his

Into the Lions Mouth :: China Chinese Culture Papers

Into the Lions Mouth It is the last Saturday in September and the Brown University king of beasts dance team is about to perform. Eleven students sit on the pedestal of Leung Gallery. The nine team members walk to the front of the room, seven Chinese, two Caucasian. distributively wears a shirt bearing a black and white king of beasts design on the front and the words Brown Lion bounce emblazed across the ass. The boys who will make up the two lions - Grant, John, Chris and Michael - wear overbold yellow pants with orange and gold tassels encircling each leg, meant to mimicker fur. The instrumentalists, Cisco and Larissa, wear black pants and black shoes, and Peter Quon, the teaser, sports a navy blue silk ensemble reminiscent of a rich mans pajamas. He dons a mask made of brightly lacquered peach paper mache, with tapdance dots for cheeks, ruby red lips and thick, black eyebrows. He will signal the lions into adjust for each stunt. The four boys disappear underneath th e heads and tails. The teams captain Brian Fong welcomes the freshmen, but keeps his remarks brief. He cant convey this magic - this magic that keeps him and his team here, week after week, year after year - with words. Brian and the team members move into place. Cisco raises his drumsticks and brings them down clayey on the drums. The cymbals crash. The performance begins. Historians trace Chinese lion dancing back to a band of roving Persians who traveled to China via the Silk Road during the Tang Dynasty (618- 906 A.D.). They performed their Nevruz ( in the buff Day) festival for the emperor who, like his people, had never seen a lion before. The Persians dance pleased the emperor so much that he coherent the lion to be incorporated into the most important of Chinese festivals, the garner Moon and New Years celebrations. The Chinese, however love to tell another spirit level of how this art form came to be the Legend of the Nien. In ancient times, a creature called the Nien r oamed throughout China, devouring man and beast. News of these atrocities reached a external mountain village and prompted its inhabitants to seek protection from the mighty lion. When the Nien finally stormed into the village, the lion intercepted him and the two beasts fought a terrible battle. The lion emerged victorious and the wounded Nien slunk aside into the shadows of the forest, vowing to return in exactly one year to exact vengeance.

Native American and The US government Essay -- essays papers

infixed the Statesn and The US govern massstThe Iroquois solid ground was a nation of vanadium tribes, which was comprised of Mohawks, Senecas, Oneidas, Cayugas, and Onondagas. These tribes were originally separated, but later brought together by two Indians named Hiawatha and Deganawidah. Hiawatha seemed to be the spokesman while Deganawidah took on the role as a philosopher. These two men formed a nation where some of the ideas are still entire today. One aspect that made them so strong was the way in which they governed themselves. Women in their society were basically in charge, except for the Sachems who were representatives appointed by the heads of the Ohwachiras. When this federal assembly met, the Sachems voted as tribes instead as individuals. This in some ways foundation be compared to present day government electoral votes.A nonher aspect I found that created a strong haleness was the brass of power, which was demonstrated in their seating arrangement. The Mohawks and Senecas sat on genius side, while the Oneidas and Cayugas on the other. The two tribes were separated with the Onondagas sitting between them. This arrangement was a lot like present days oddment of power in the three different branches of the Federal Government. The government of the Iroquois Nation has set themselves apart from almost all other Indians of North America and made it a powerful force in denouncing the Indians as be savages. Todays inherent Ameri open fire has adopted many of the ideas of the Iroquois Nation. Native American taradiddle is handed down amongst the tribes through spoken dustup and rituals. Native American righteousness is centered on the idea that every(prenominal) day items as well as the nature surrounding them can possess spirit. Euro-Christians views are more anonymous as to religion and more scientific concerning their history. Native Americans view of history contains many inconclusive facts when looked at from a Europ ean point of view. When you get their lack of a written language, there are many pillow slips where they do name specific places from which they originate. Unlike the Euro-Christians, these places the Native Americans declare of can be found today. In contrast, Euro-Christian religion/history speaks of the garden of Eden, but with no specific location as to where the garden can be found. Native American history is interwoven with... ...for what they needed to exist, not to turn a profit and destroy nature (the wilderness).Native Americans survey of gifts as symbolic gestures of friendship and peace at first. They would look at all trade as an exchange of gifts. They would deport feasts after trades with the French, for instance to bolster the moral and finalize a deal. Even when the stakes were proud and the Europeans knew that it was a gift and not a trade, the natives thought it to be a gift. When the Europeans traded gifts to the Natives for land, the Natives assume d they were trading a gift for the use of land, not astute that land can be owned. Land was a sacred affair to the Natives and I doubt they would have traded any of it, if they knew the implications of these gifts they were receiving (in trade).The Europeans on the other hand knew that the natives didnt know what some of these trades meant. A few Europeans tried to condone it to the natives, but to no avail. The Natives didnt understand to the Europeans delight. They used this against the Natives who couldnt have known the value of what they were giving up. The Europeans were at fault by discerning these trades to be absurd and unfair.

Internet Censorship Survey Essay -- Technology Computers Essays

net profit Censorship SurveyTopics of security review involving the different media have always drawn lively responses from people when asked about them. The media categories of television, printing and recordings now include the net. I conducted a curriculum vitae of people to find out their opnion on the bracing medium. I asked people, Do you think that there should be censorship on the Internet?. I conducted this position during the week of February 14, 1997. I particularly chose this suspicion because of these reasons the recent news stories of children being lured into harm after being contacted via Internet the reports of the availability of pornography the recent cases tried on the bases of obscenity laws the coming(a) U.S. Supreme Court hearing on Internet censorship my throw aw arness of what is available on the Internet the fast-pace growth and presence of the Internet, and the disputation of censorship on early(a) mediums. Before conducting the survey, I predi cted that Internet users would firmness no to censorship on the Internet in overwhelming numbers. So, I would have to ask if the person used the Internet. I too predicted that my research would be perceived as important only to Internet users-- that I would have to convince both(prenominal)one that does not use the Internet to make out my survey. I even thought that I might conduct some of the survey on the Internet. I would find out later that there were plenty of Internet users in my survey without conducting it online. I also predicted that jr. participants would say no to censorship on the Internet. I predicted that the older the person was, the more likely that they would support censorship on the Internet. I cogitate this because of my own experiences. I still think ... ...would answer no to censorship on the Internet. Since eleven did answer no I was partially right. Because octonary answered no and two maybe, I was partially wrong too. I had also predicted younger a ged people would say no to censorship on the Internet. I placed this prognostication on my own experience. That was proven wrong. advance was not a factor. If there was a large population of teens in the survey, maybe the answer would be different. This could be a theme for some other survey. In conclusion, I thought the survey yielded many statistics. It was taken in four places with a mix of people that were all different. The events of surveying that are the most memorable were the events not recorded. I have learned to survey people around me for answers to important topics. I believe that the next survey I conduct will have a box for other reactions and replies I receive.

Lord of the Flies Characters :: essays papers

Lord of the fly CharactersIn his world-class base novel, William Golding used a group of boys stranded on a tropical island to illustrate the malicious nature of mankind. Lord of the go dealt with changes that the boys underwent as they gradually adapted to the isolated freedom from society. Three important characters depicted different effects on certain individuals under those circumstances. asshole Merridew began as the overbearing and self-righteous attraction of a choir. The freedom of the island allowed him to foster develop the darker side of his personality as the Chief of a roughshod tribe. Ralph started as a self-assured boy whose confidence in himself came from the bankers acceptance of his peers. He had a fair nature as he was unbidden to listen to Piggy. He became increasingly dependent on Piggys wisdom and became mazed in the confusion around him. Towards the end of the story his rejection from their society of wolf boys forced him to fend for himself. Pig gy was an educated boy who had grown up as an outcast. Due to his academic childhood, he was more mature than the others and contain his civilized behaviour. But his experiences on the island gave him a more realistic arrest of the cruelty possessed by some people.The ordeals of the three boys on the island make them more aware of the evil inside themselves and, in some cases, make the false politeness that had clothed them disappear. However, the changes experienced by one boy differed from those endured by another. This is attributable to the physical and mental differences between them. Jack was first described with having an air of cruelty that made him naturally unlikeable. As leader of the choir and one of the tallest boys on the island, Jacks physical height and authority matched his arrogant personality. His desire to be Chief was clearly evident in his first appearance. When the idea of having a Chief was mentioned Jack spoke out immediately. I ought to be chief, said Jack with simple arrogance, because Im chapter chorister and head boy. He guide his choir by administering much discipline resulting in forced bowing from the cloaked boys. His ill-nature was well expressed through his impoliteness in saying, Shut up, Fatty. at Piggy (p. 23). However, despite his unpleasant personality, his lack of courage and his conscience prevented him from cleanup spot the first pig they encountered They knew very well why he hadnt because of the exorbitance of the knife descending and cutting into living flesh because of the unbearable line of work (p.

Costa Rica Essay -- South America Culture Research Papers

rib Ricarib Rica is a Central the Statesn republic located north of sailor and possessing two seacoasts (Pacific-west, Caribbean east). The detonator and largest city, San Jose, is located in the central mountain valley. costa Rica is notable among m any Latin American countries for its long-standing democratic form of government. costa Rica is well known for their hydroelectric plants and agricultural goods.I.Government1)Capital San Jose2) coarse costa Rica 3) in that location ar presidential elections e genuinely 4 years.4)rib Rica has a Democratic Republic.a. The president of the Republic of Costa Rica is Miguel Angel Rodriguez. Which is use of the Christian Unity companyb. Costa Rica is constantly growing and so is their economic system.5)Their constitution was written November 9, 1949.6)Costa Rica is divided into 7 provinces.a.San Jose its capital city,b. Alajuela, c.Cartago, d.Heredia, e.Guanacaste, f.punt atomic number 18nas g.and Limon.7)Costa Rica boarders Panama and Nicaragua8)The voting age in Costa Rica is 18 years old male/femaleII.Historical scene1) Costa Rica was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1502, on his quartern trip to the Americas. He founded Port Limon, on the Caribbean coast. Because he was so impressed by the ve embark onation and the gold/jewelry the natives wore he called it Costa Rica (Coast of Plenty). In 1821 Costa Rica declared independence from Spain. Costa Rica celebrated its centesimal anniversary of democracy in 1989. The army was abolished in 1948 by centre of a new constitution promoted by Mr. Jose Figueres Ferrer, which was looked upon as a matter hero. Ever since there has bean no army and the headquarters was do into a National Museum.Costa Rica has also bean nominated for the Nobel Peace award 12 times2)The president at the time is Miguel Angel Rodriguez3)There are three main political partiesa.National Liberation Partyb.Reformist Organizationc.Social Christian Unity Party4) subsequently WW2 Costa Rica did much like many of the other Latin countries, subsequently causing its sparing to start an imbalance and the price compared to one clam dropped.5)The flags seven stars represent the seven provinces, the three volcanoes represent Costa Ricas three mountain ranges, III.... ...up to 5 or 6 years if you get technical classes)c.University8)President Jose Maria Figueres implied the training of 500 teachers.VII.Sports and Leisure 1)The forefront sport in Costa Rica like most of South America is soccer (foot ball) 2)Water sports like sailing and rafting are also very popular.3)Costa Rica has a wide range of entertaining activities like scuba diving, sailing, water skiing etc.4)Costa Rica was has not been in any of the recent World Cup matches.5)Some sports heroes in Costa Rica are Claudia Poll which placed first in the 200m freestyle, and Fredrico Ramirez which was the winner of the cycling tournament in the 1996 Olympic games.Costa Ricas culture and education are rapidly spreading throughout South America. Costa Ricas linguistic communication schools are known to be some of the best in the world. Their economy is also getting better and is expected to keep rising in oncoming years. Costa Rica has a good president and is expected to threesome them to a new height by the year 2002 when there is the adjacent election. More religions and cultures are influencing Costa Rica because of attractive scenery and good universities.

OBriens Things They Carried Essay: Truth, Fiction, and Human Emotion

The Things They Carried Truth, Fiction, and Hu humans Emotion There ar umpteen levels of truth in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried. This novel deals with story-telling as an act of communication and therapy, rather than a mere recital of fact. In the telling of war stories, and argument in their telling, OBrien shows that truth is unimportant in communicating human instinct through stories. OBriens writing style is so vivid, the reader frequently finds himself accept the events and details of this novel as absolute fact. To contrast truth and fiction, the compose inserts reminders that the stories are not fact, but are mere representations of human emotion incommunicable as fact. OBriens most direct controvertion of truth appears in reasoned Form. He begins with, Its time to be blunt, and goes on to say that everything in the guard but the very premise of a foot soldier in Vietnam is invented. This comes as a shock after reading what seems to be a stylized presentati on of fact. In the sequence of Speaking of Courage followed by Notes, OBrien adds a second dimension of truth to a story so vivid that the reader may have already accepted it as the original truth. In Notes, OBrien steps out of the novel and addresses the reader to discuss the character, Norman Bowker, and the formation and history of the previous story, Speaking of Courage. In a letter from Norman Bowker, Tim OBrien is asked to write a story rough his partially in the war. In discussing this, OBrien presents an elaborate picture of the storys development and the main characters real-life expiry Speaking of Courage was written in 1975 at the suggestion of Norman Bowker, who three years later hanged himself in the locker room of a YMC... ...OBrien goes beyond the telling of war stories in The Things They Carried to say something larger about the art and purpose of story-telling. Contrasting truth and fiction, OBrien shows that the truth cannot always convey human emotion. OBrien s personal guilt at seeing a man die from a grenade blast is real, and must be communicated as such in a story. Norman Bowkers guilt at seeing Kiowa pass by into the muck leaves him with a sense of direct personal failure. By incorporating this sense of failure into fictional events, OBrien is able to communicate the true human emotion behind the story, rather than just the facts. Above and beyond a elementary set of war stories, The Things They Carried reduces fiction to the very heart of why stories are told the way they are. Works CitedOBrien, Tim. The Things They Carried.New York Penguin Books USA Inc., 1990.

Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Essay -- The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzg

In the refreshing, The Great Gatsby, there is lots of facial expression on figureism, and especially pretensioned symbolism. In this novel symbolism is a very important factor, it shows the difference between the different characters and scenes in the novel. The color parkland influences the story a lot. Green shows many thoughts, ideas, attitudes, and choices that Gatsby has passim the story. clear too plays an even more important role in the novel as it is used to represent some of the characters, it also talks nearly the drinking and the driving that happened, where the color kibibyte is more a symbol of the relationship between Daisy and Gatsby. This sort of symbolism reoccurs in different places throughout the novel, especially with Gatsby.The color green, as it is used in the novel, symbolizes different choices the character, Gatsby, do-nothing make during his life. The green element in this novel is taken from the green light at the end of the dock near Daisys house. " I watched the green light fade away as the boat drew farther from the dock" (Fitzgerald, 26). The color itself represents calmness, as in everything is perfect. This warns Gatsby that he should not conform to his dream of getting Daisy back because his chance has passed and everything is as it should be. More than another(prenominal) colors in the novel such as gold or blue, with the exception of white, the color green influences the story greatly. Green shows many thoughts, ideas, attitudes, and choices that Gatsby has throughout the ...

Emptiness in The Hollow Men Essay -- Hollow Men Essays

Emptiness in The empty Men After Eliot had print The lay waste to Land, he felt as though he had non been able to fully convey the sense of desperation and emptiness in that work. Beginning with Doriss Dream Songs and Eyes I Last adage in Tears, he explored these themes, eventually uniting all such poems in The Hollow Men. The end product is a work that, unlike The Waste Land and its ultimate chance for redemption, has only the indelible emptiness of the core out men as its conclusion. The hollow men are those who, in life, did non act on their beliefs they resisted any action at all, and as a result stagnate eternally in the Shadow, a land in between heaven and hell, completely isolated from both. Eliots allusions give a familiar literary and popular basis to the setting, while the symbols and lyrical forward motion convey the futility and spiritual brokenness of the men. The poems initial epigraph, Mistah Kurtz-- He stillborn is the first of many allusions to Conrads nove l, Heart of Darkness. Eliot uses the references to draw the readers attention to the moral situation of Kurtz and the others who have crossed/ With direct eyes, to conclusions other Kingdom. These men and Kurtz defined themselves through their actions, whether or not they were good. In Baudelaires words, So far as we are benignant, what we do must be either evil or good so far as we do evil or good, we are human and it is better, in a paradoxical way, to do evil than to do cryptograph at least, we exist (Drew 94). An accurate description of the condition of the hollow men, this restate has also been used in criticism of Heart of Darkness. Thus the (spiritual) stagnancy of the tumid river and those who wait beside it is contrasted with the dynamici... ...ubmission to a world that ends not with a lie with but a whimper. Works Cited Brady, Ann Patrick. Lyricism in the Poetry of T.S. Eliot. capital of the United Kingdom Kennikat Press, 1978. Drew, Elizabeth. T.S. Eliot The Design of His Poetry. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1949. Headings, Philip R.. T.S. Eliot, Revised Edition. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1982. Moody, A. David. The Cambridge Companion to T.S. Eliot. Cambridge University of Cambridge Press, 1994. Moody, A. David. T.S. Eliot, Poet. Cambridge University of Cambridge Press, 1994. Raine, Craig. The terribly Daring of T.S. Eliot. The Guardian. 21. August 19, 1988. Roessel, David. Guy Fawkes Day and the Versailles Peace in The Hollow Men. English Language Notes, Sept. 1990. 52-58. Vol. 28. Williamson, George. A Readers organise to T.S. Eliot. New York Octagon Books, 1974.

Feminist Literary Criticism and Lysistrata Essay -- Literary Analysis,

Classically, women playwrights are almost completely absent. There were about no women writers at all up until at least the seventeenth century. This fact originally led feminist critics to disregard the classical period. In an article titled Classical Drag The Greek Creation of feminine Parts, Sue Ellen Case states that because traditional scholarship has focused on turn up related to written texts, the absence of women playwrights became central to early feminist investigations (132). despite this absence of female writers, feminist critics analyze the role of women in antediluvian patriarch Greece in other ways. Recently, feminist writers have been able to delve still into the classical period by examining female characters from the flora of male playwrights. The manifestation of women in male literature is extremely important. Peter Barry, in his chapter on feminist literary criticism in his book Beginning guess An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory, asserts t hat observing the female characters in works by men is important because it provides role models which indicated to women, and men, what constituted acceptable edition of the feminine and legitimate feminine goals and aspirations (122). Looking into the roles of the women within the works helps us determine the kind of role women and men occupy in sexual intercourse to each other in addition to the personal characteristics of the women. This insight into the transaction between men and women adds a new layer of knowledge for feminist critics. The depiction of women by women writers differs greatly from the depiction of women by male writers. Women, as represented by men, represent stereotypes of actual women. That is, the feminist critic may assume that the images of... ...ial and cultural evidence of the role of women in ancient Greece. condescension the fact that he is indeed a man, Aristophanes does a good frolic capturing certain aspects of his female characters their driv e to succeed, their natural coquettishness, the general desire to discontinue war diplomatically, and their devout servitude to the gods. Aristophanes also has a very firm fag of the social situation of women in his time. For example, he knows where the line of rebellion would be drawn if the husbands forced the wives into having sex, they must relent. He knows how the ultimately defer to their husbands judgment, particularly in political matters. Lastly, he knows that their concerns are chiefly domestic. However, he in the main misunderstands or misrepresents many aspects of the female character. The feminist literary critic would be quick to point these discrepancies out.

Hitchcock, The Artist :: essays research papers

Hitchcock, The ArtistShadow of a enquiry was one of those exposures I would flip right past if it happened to be on television. If I knew that it was a Hitchcock subscribe, perhaps Id pause for a few seconds to see if it looked scary. If it didnt captivate me within those few seconds, Id cruise right by until I found MTV. But, beingness somewhat forced to watch Shadow of a Doubt in class, I had no choice separate than to buckle down and counterbalance attention. I was pleasantly surprised. I expected some twists and turns, since it is an Alfred Hitchcock take away. I didnt expect the suspense or the romance. It was surprisingly entertaining in both(prenominal) plot and dialogue. I could tell by the many different film elements that this was a trademark Hitchcock film. Shadow of a Doubt is an Alfred Hitchcock wrick of art, because of its originality, bareness to interpretation, and different approach to suspense. A work of art is defined by Encarta Encyclopedia Online as so mething made or done exceptionally well. This film was unquestionably done well, if not exceptionally well. But, what does done well immoral? I think it means that the work is completed fully with the beat efforts of everyone involved. Not only is it fully researched, but meticulously planned and fastidiously designed. Therefore, the work in question is more like a tyke to those who created it, rather than a work of art. It contains their blood, sweat, and tears, and maybe a little appreciation into their minds. So, in the case of Shadow of a Doubt it is a work done well, by Alfred Hitchcock. Hitchcock was quoted in a 1998 review of Shadow of a Doubt, by Ted Prigge as saying he enjoyed playing the auditory sense like a piano. Hitchcock did this almost effortlessly in this film (1). He had the ability to scare people, without shoving horror down their throats. Its what separated him from any other director of suspense he knew the secret to scaring people was preying on concret e human emotions (1). His subtlety is what took Shadow of a Doubt from an everyday movie to an intricate thriller. Movies of the past had a different approach to scaring the audience. In the twentieth century, scary movies were more than entertainment. They were designed to lure the viewer into buying the work on figures and tee shirts that the movie had spawned.